tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35009006362320996802024-02-20T01:27:16.280-08:00Legal articlesNote: Most of the Articles published in this blog are available also on www.lawyersclubindia.com/
- Dr. V.N. TripathiDr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.comBlogger112125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-63791271035434745132013-08-08T08:54:00.000-07:002013-08-08T08:54:06.138-07:00119. Quashing of FIR/Charge Sheet/ Proceedings in Non Compoundable Offences<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The supreme court in <b>Gian Singh v
. State of Punjab</b>
and Anr. along with other connected matters , <b><span style="background-color: yellow;">2012 AIR SCW 5333</span> (followed in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dimpey Gujral v. Union Territory, Chandigarh <span style="background-color: yellow;">AIR
2013 SC 518</span>)</b> after considering the relevant provisions of the
Cr.P.C. and the decisions of the supreme court concluded (in para 57 of the judgment) as under:-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />"The position that emerges from
the above discussion can be summarised thus:the power of the High Court in
quashing a criminal proceeding or FIR or complaint in exercise of its inherent
jurisdiction is distinct and different from the power given to a criminal court
for compounding the offences under Section 320 of the Code. Inherent power is
of wide plenitude with no statutory limitation but it has to be exercised in
accord with the guideline engrafted in such power viz ; (i) to secure the ends
of justice or (ii ) to prevent abuse of the process of any Court. In what cases
power to quash the criminal proceeding or complaint or F.I.R may be exercised
where the offender and victim have settled their dispute would depend on the
facts and circumstances of each case and no category can be prescribed.
However, before exercise of such power, the High Court must have due regard to
the nature and gravity of the crime. Heinous and serious offences of mental
depravity or offences like murder, rape, dacoity, etc. cannot be fittingly
quashed even though the victim or victim's family and the offender have settled
the dispute. Such offences are not private in nature and have serious impact on
society. Similarly, any compromise between the victim and offender in relation
to the offences under special statutes like Prevention of Corruption Act or the
offences committed by public servants while working in that capacity etc;
cannot provide for any basis for quashing criminal proceedings involving such
offences. But the criminal cases having overwhelmingly and pre-dominatingly civil flavour
stand on different footing for the purposes of quashing, particularly the
offences arising from commercial, financial, mercantile, civil, partnership or
such like transactions or the offences arising out of matrimony relating to
dowry, etc. or the family disputes where the wrong is basically private or
personal in nature and the parties have resolved their entire dispute. In this
category of cases,High Court may quash criminal proceedings if in its view ,
because of the compromise between the offender and victim , the possibility of
conviction is remote and bleak and continuation of criminal case would put
accused to great oppression and prejudice and extreme injustice would be caused
to him by not quashing the criminal case despite full and complete settlement
and compromise with the victim . In other words , the High Court must consider
whether it would be unfair or contrary to the interest of justice to continue
with the criminal proceeding or continuation of the criminal proceeding would
tantamount to abuse of process of law despite settlement and compromise between
the victim and wrongdoer and whether to secure the ends of justice, it is
appropriate that criminal case is put to an end and if the answer to the above
question(s) is in affirmative, the High Court shall be well within its
jurisdiction to quash the criminal proceeding."
</div>
Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-26122100463882583682013-08-08T08:50:00.004-07:002015-06-20T22:49:09.717-07:00118. Disputes relating to ownership and possession<h5 class="uiStreamMessage userContentWrapper" data-ft="{"type":1,"tn":"K"}">
<span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}"><span class="userContent">In an action for recovery of possession of immovable property, or for
protecting possession thereof, upon the legal title to the property
being established, the possession or occupation of the property by a
person other than the holder of the legal title will be presumed to have
been under and in subordination to the legal title, and it will be for
the person resisting a claim for recovery of possession or claiming a
right to continue in possession, to establish that he has such a right.
To put it differently, wherever pleadings and documents establish title
to a particular property and possession is in question, it will be for
the person in possession to give sufficiently detailed pleadings,
particulars and documents to support his claim in order to continue in
possession. It would be imperative that one who claims possession must
give the following :<br /> (a) Who is or are the owner or owners of the property;<br /> (b) Title of the property;<br /> (c) Who is in possession of the title documents;<br /> (d) Identity of the claimant or claimants to possession;<br /> (e) The date of entry into possession;<br /> (f) How he came into possession whether he purchased the property or inherited or got the same in gift or by any other method;<br />
(g) In case he purchased the property, what is the consideration; if he
has taken it on rent, how much is the rent, license fee or lease
amount;<br /> (h) If taken on rent, license fee or lease then insist on rent deed, license deed or lease deed;<br />
(i) Who are the persons in possession/occupation or otherwise living
with him, in what capacity; as family members, friends or servants etc.,<br />
(j) Subsequent conduct, i.e., any event which might have extinguished
his entitlement to possession or caused shift therein; and<br /> (k) Basis of his claim not to deliver possession but continue in possession.</span></span></h5>
Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-19410709151639022722010-06-09T09:10:00.000-07:002011-08-09T08:06:59.556-07:00117. Rule 16 (2) of the Civil Services Examination Rules<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ck%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><o:smarttagtype name="State" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="City" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><style>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A three Judge Bench of the Supreme Court, in CIVIL APPEAL NOS.4310-4311 OF 2010 <br />
[Arising out of SLP (C) Nos.13571-72 of 2008] Union of India V. Ramesh Ram & Ors. etc. had referred to the Constitution Bench an important legal question as to whether candidates belonging to reserved category, who get recommended against general/unreserved vacancies on account of their merit (without the benefit of any relaxation/concession), can opt for a higher choice of service earmarked for Reserved Category and thereby migrate to reservation category? <br />
<br />
The <span style="font-weight: bold;">Constitution Bench</span> on <b style="color: red;">07/05/2010</b><span style="color: red;"> </span>setting aside the decision of Madras High Court held that: "With regard to the specific characteristics of the UPSC examinations we hold that Reserved Category candidates (belonging to <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">OBC</st1:city>, <st1:state st="on">SC</st1:state></st1:place> or ST categories among others) who are selected on merit and placed in the list of general/ unreserved Category candidates can choose to migrate to the respective reserved categories at the time of allocation of services. Such migration is enabled by Rule 16 (2) of the Civil Services Examination Rules, which is not inconsistent with Rule 16 (1) of the same or even the content of Articles 14, 16 (4) and 335 of the Constitution of India.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The Constitution Bench summarized it’s answer as under: <o:p></o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">i) MRC candidates who avail the benefit of Rule 16 (2) and adjusted in the reserved category should be counted as part of the reserved pool for the purpose of computing the aggregate reservation quotas. The seats vacated by MRC candidates in the General Pool will be offered to General category candidates.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">ii) By operation of Rule 16 (2), the reserved status of an MRC candidate is protected so that his/ her better performance does not deny him of the chance to be allotted to a more preferred service.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">iii) The amended Rule 16 (2) only seeks to recognize the inter se merit between two classes of candidates i.e. a) meritorious reserved category candidates b) relatively lower ranked reserved category candidates, for the purpose of allocation to the various Civil Services with due regard for th preferences indicated by them.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">iv) The reserved category candidates "belonging to OBC, SC/ ST categories" who are selected on merit and placed in the list of General/Unreserved category candidates can choose to migrate to the respective reserved category at the time of allocation of services. Such migration as envisaged by Rule 16 (2) is not inconsistent with Rule 16 (1) or Articles 14, 16 (4) and 335 of the Constitution.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></div>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-29141125162908164132010-06-08T20:28:00.000-07:002010-06-08T20:39:53.666-07:00116. MPLAD - held intravires<div style="text-align: justify;">A Constitution Bench of The Supreme Court in Writ Petition No 21 of 1999, Bhim Singh v. Union of India, decided on <span style="font-weight: bold;">06/05/2010,</span> has held that the MPLAD Scheme is valid and intra vires of the Constitution . The court said that:<br /><br />1) Owing to the quasi-federal nature of the Constitution and the specific wording of Article 282, both the Union and the State have the power to make grants for a purpose<br />irrespective of whether the subject matter of the purpose falls in the Seventh Schedule provided that the purpose is "public purpose" within the meaning of the Constitution.<br /><br />2) The Scheme falls within the meaning of "public purpose" aiming for the fulfillment of the development and welfare of the State as reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy.<br /><br />3) Both Articles 275 and 282 are sources of spending funds/monies under the Constitution. Article 282 is normally meant for special, temporary or ad hoc schemes. However, the matter of expenditure for a "public purpose", is subject to fulfillment of the constitutional requirements. The power under Article 282 to sanction grant is not restricted.<br /><br />4) "Laws" mentioned in Article 282 would also include Appropriation Acts. A specific or special law need not be enacted by the Parliament to resort to the provision. Thus, the MPLAD Scheme is valid as Appropriation Acts have been duly passed year after year.<br /><br />5) Indian Constitution does not recognize strict separation of powers. The constitutional principle of separation of powers will only be violated if an essential function of one branch is taken over by another branch, leading to a removal of checks and balances.<br /><br />6) Even though MPs have been given a seemingly executive function, their role is limited to `recommending' works and actual implementation is done by the local authorities.<br />There is no removal of checks and balances since these are duly provided and have to be strictly adhered to by the guidelines of the Scheme and the Parliament. Therefore, the Scheme does not violate separation of powers.<br /><br />7) Panchayat Raj Institutions, Municipal as well as local bodies have also not been denuded of their role or jurisdiction by the Scheme as due place has been accorded to them by the guidelines, in the implementation of the Scheme.<br /><br />8) The court can strike down a law or scheme only on the basis of its vires or unconstitutionality but not on the basis of its viability. When a regime of accountability is available within the Scheme, it is not proper for the Court to strike it down, unless it violates any constitutional principle.<br /> <br />9) In the present Scheme, an accountability regime has been provided. Efforts must be made to make the regime more robust, but in its current form, cannot be struck down as unconstitutional.<br /><br />10) The Scheme does not result in an unfair advantage to the sitting Members of Parliament and does not amount to a corrupt practice.<br /><br />(continued.....)<br /><br /></div>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-52578936381355932052010-06-07T01:32:00.000-07:002010-06-07T01:33:52.750-07:00115. Compounding of offences u/s 138, NI Act<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ck%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="">In CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 963 OF 2010, Damodar S. Prabhu v. Sayed Babalal H., decided on 03/05/2010 , the Supreme Court observed</span><b style=""><span style="font-size:14pt;"> </span></b><span style="">that </span>the interests of justice would indeed be better served if parties resorted to compounding as a method to resolve their disputes at an early stage instead of engaging in protracted litigation before several forums, thereby causing undue delay, expenditure and strain on part of the judicial system. This is clearly a situation that is causing some concern, since Section 147 of the Act does not prescribe as to what stage is appropriate for compounding the offence and whether the same can be done at the instance of the complainant or with the leave of the court.<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">With regard to the progression of litigation in cheque bouncing cases, the Attorney General requested to the Supreme Court to frame guidelines for a graded scheme of imposing costs on parties who unduly delay compounding of the offence. It was submitted that the requirement of deposit of the costs will act as a deterrent for delayed composition, since at present, free and easy compounding of offences at any stage, however belated, gives an incentive to the drawer of the cheque to delay settling the cases for years. An application for compounding made after several years not only results in the system being burdened but the complainant is also deprived of effective justice. In view of this submission, the Supreme Court directed the following guidelines to be followed:-</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><b><span style="font-size:14pt;">THE GUIDELINES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span>(a) That directions can be given that the Writ of Summons be suitably modified making it clear to the accused that he could make an application for compounding of the <span style=""> </span>offences at the first or second hearing of the case and that if such an application is made, compounding may be allowed by the court without imposing any costs on the<span style=""> </span>accused.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(b) If the accused does not make an application for compounding as aforesaid, then if an application for compounding is made before the Magistrate at a subsequent stage, compounding can be allowed subject <span style=""> </span>to the condition that the accused will be required to pay<span style=""> </span>10% of the cheque amount to be deposited as a condition<span style=""> </span>for compounding with the Legal Services Authority, or<span style=""> </span>such authority as the Court deems fit.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(c) Similarly, if the application for compounding is made<span style=""> </span>before the Sessions Court or a High Court in revision or appeal, such compounding may be allowed on the<span style=""> </span>condition that the accused pays 15% of the cheque<span style=""> </span>amount by way of costs.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(d) Finally, if the application for compounding is made before the Supreme Court, the figure would increase to<span style=""> </span>20% of the cheque amount.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The supreme Court further directed <span style=""> </span>that :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">(e) any costs imposed in accordance with these guidelines should be deposited with the Legal Services Authority operating at the level of the Court before which compounding takes place. For instance, in case of compounding during the pendency of proceedings before<span style=""> </span>Magistrate's Court or a Court of Sessions, such costs should be deposited with the District Legal Services Authority. Likewise, costs imposed in connection with composition before the High Court should be deposited with the State Legal Services Authority and those imposed in connection with composition before the Supreme Court should be deposited with the National Legal Services Authority.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Supreme Court agreed with the Attorney General's suggestions for controlling the filing of multiple complaints that are relatable to the same transaction. It was submitted that complaints are being increasingly filed in multiple jurisdictions in a vexatious manner which causes tremendous harassment and prejudice to the drawers of the cheque. For instance, in the same transaction pertaining to a loan taken on an installment basis to be repaid in equate monthly installments, several cheques are taken which are dated for each monthly installment and upon the dishonor of each of such cheques, different complaints are being filed in different courts which may also have jurisdiction in relation to the complaint. In light of this submission, we direct that it should be mandatory for the complainant to disclose that no other complaint has been filed in any other court in respect of the same transaction. Such a disclosure should be made on a sworn affidavit which should accompany the complaint file under Section 200 of the CrPC. If it is found that such<span style=""> </span>multiple complaints have been filed, orders for transfer of the complaint to the first court should be given, generally speaking, by the High Court after imposing heavy costs on the complainant for resorting to such a practice. These directions should be given effect prospectively.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The court said that, “<i>We are also conscious of the view that the judicial endorsement of the above quoted guidelines could be seen as an act of judicial law-making and therefore an intrusion into the legislative domain. It must be kept in mind that Section 147 of the Act does not carry any guidance on how to proceed with the compounding of offences under the Act. We have already explained that the scheme contemplated under Section 320 of the CrPC cannot be followed in the strict sense. In view of the legislative vacuum, we see no hurdle to the endorsement of some suggestions which have been designed to discourage litigants from unduly delaying the composition of the offence in cases involving Section 138 of the Act. The graded scheme for imposing costs is a means to encourage compounding at an early stage of litigation. In the status quo,valuable time of the Court is spent on the trial of these cases and the parties are not liable to pay any Court fee since the proceedings are governed by the Code of Criminal Procedure, even though the impact of the offence is largely confined to the private parties. Even though the imposition of costs by the competent court is a matter of discretion, the scale of costs has been suggested in the interest of uniformity. The competent Court can of course reduce the costs with regard to the specific facts and circumstances of a case, while recording reasons in writing for such variance. Bona fide litigants should of course contest the proceedings to their logical end. Even in the past, this Court has used its power to do complete justice under Article 142 of the Constitution to frame guidelines in relation to subject-matter where there was a legislative vacuum.”<o:p></o:p></i></p> Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-18075742147766327932010-04-22T04:24:00.000-07:002010-04-22T05:57:06.429-07:00114. Restoration of criminal complaints on the line of civil suit<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ck%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Unlike s. 151 0f C.P.C., the lower courts have no inherent power to pass an order in a situation for which there is no specific provision under Cr.P.C. More over, unl</span><span style="font-size:100%;">ike restoration of a civil suit under order 9 of C.P.C.</span><span style="font-size:100%;">, there is no provision under Cr.P.C. for restoration of a complaint when a criminal complaint is dismissed for default . In this regard The Law Commission of India has recommended for giving powers to the lower criminal courts on the line of powers of civil courts. Recommendation of the Law Commission of India is as under:
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>
<br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>I. INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.1 It is a well settled law that a criminal court has no power like the one which a civil court possesses under Order IX of the Code of Civil Procedure1908 (CPC) to restore a complaint dismissed in default, as the accused stands discharged or acquitted depending on the case being a warrant-case or a summons-case. In order to get the complaint restored, a complainant, poor or rich, has to knock the door of the High Court under section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 (CrPC). If a Magistrate has the power to entertain a complaint and decide it on merits after summoning the accused,<o:p></o:p> he should also have power to restore it on good or sufficient cause being shown and re-summon the accused to face the trial on merits.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.2 The relevant provisions of the CrPC are:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">(i) <b>Section 249 </b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">relating to warrant-cases -<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>“</b><i>Absence of complainant</i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">.- When the proceedings have been<o:p></o:p> instituted upon complaint, and on any day fixed for the hearing of the<o:p></o:p> case, the complainant is absent and the offence may be lawfully<o:p></o:p> compounded or is not a cognizable offence, the Magistrate may, in<o:p></o:p> his discretion, notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained, at<o:p></o:p> any time before the charge has been framed, discharge the accused.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">(ii) <b>Section 256 </b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">relating to summons-cases -<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>“</b><i>Non-appearance or death of complainant</i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">.- (1) If the summons has<o:p></o:p> been issued on complaint, and on the day appointed for the<o:p></o:p> appearance of the accused, or any day subsequent thereto, to which<o:p></o:p> the hearing may be adjourned, the complainant does not appear, the<o:p></o:p> Magistrate shall, notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained, acquit the accused, unless for some reason he thinks it proper to adjourn the hearing of the case to some other day:<o:p></o:p>
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Provided that where the complainant is represented by a pleader or by the officer conducting the prosecution or where the<o:p></o:p> Magistrate is of opinion that the personal attendance of the<o:p></o:p> complainant is not necessary, the Magistrate may dispense with his<o:p></o:p> attendance and proceed with the case.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall, so far as may be, apply<o:p></o:p> also to cases where non-appearance of the complainant is due to his<o:p></o:p> death.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.3 Section 249 will not apply to a case in which the Magistrate tries an<o:p></o:p> accused for offences that are non-compoundable and cognizable. This section applies only to offences that may be lawfully compounded or are non-cognizable. Therefore, the Magistrate has no discretion to discharge an accused when the offences are of serious nature. Chapter XIX of the CrPC containing the procedure for trial of warrant-cases by Magistrates prescribes two procedures, one for trial of cases instituted on police reports and the other for trial of cases instituted on private complaints. The law-makers have excluded non-compoundable and cognizable offences from the purview of section 249 because for more serious offences, the police, generally, file charge-sheets.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.4 With regard to offences that are compoundable and non-cognizable where discretion is given to the Magistrate to discharge the accused for the absence of complainant, the Magistrate may be vested with the power to restore the complaint on file if sufficient cause is shown by the complainant for his absence on the date of hearing.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.5 There may be several reasons for the absence of complainant on the date of hearing. One most important cause may be total <i>bandh </i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">call given by the political parties or <i>hartal </i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">where transport is suspended completely, both public and private. This is a genuine cause for absence of complainant from appearing before court. Complainant on his way to court may suffer severe setback necessitating hospitalization. He may suffer (a) heartache, (b) high<o:p></o:p> BP, (c) low sugar leading to coma or (d) vertigo, etc. Death of a close<o:p></o:p> relation may be another sufficient cause.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.6 So in each case if the complainant shows sufficient cause for his<o:p></o:p> absence, the Magistrate may restore his complaint on file. The period may be 15 days or 30 days from the date of discharge of the accused for moving the application.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.7 With regard to trial of summons-cases, under section 256, the<o:p></o:p> Magistrate shall acquit the accused if the complainant does not appear on the date of hearing. The proviso to section 256 says that where the complainant is represented by a pleader or by the officer conducting the prosecution or where the Magistrate is of the opinion that the personal attendance of the complainant is not necessary, the Magistrate may dispense with his attendance and proceed with the case. Here also there may be sufficient reasons for the absence of complainant, examples of which have been given in the earlier paragraphs. Under section 256, a sub-section may be added to the effect that if the complainant shows sufficient cause for his absence on the date of hearing, the Magistrate may restore the complaint on file provided the application is filed within 15 days or 30 days from the date of acquittal of the accused.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.8 In the CPC Order IX, Rules 4, 8 and 9 read as under:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">(i) <b>Rule 4 -<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">“<i>Plaintiff may bring fresh suit or Court may restore suit to file</i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">.-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Where a suit is dismissed under rule 2 or rule 3, the plaintiff may<o:p></o:p> (subject to the law of limitation) bring a fresh suit; or he may apply<o:p></o:p> for an order to set the dismissal aside, and if he satisfies the Court that there was sufficient cause for such failure as is referred to in rule 2, or for his non-appearance, as the case may be, the Court shall make an order setting aside the dismissal and shall appoint a day for<o:p></o:p> proceeding with the suit.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">(ii) <b>Rule 8 -<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">“<i>Procedure where defendant only appears</i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">.- Where the defendant<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">appears and the plaintiff does not appear when the suit is called on for hearing, the Court shall make an order that the suit be dismissed,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">unless the defendant admits the claim, or part thereof, in which case<o:p></o:p> the Court shall pass a decree against the defendant upon such<o:p></o:p> admission, and, where part only of the claim has been admitted, shall<o:p></o:p> dismiss the suit so far as it relates to the remainder.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">(iii) <b>Rule 9 -<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">“<i>Decree against plaintiff by default bars fresh suit</i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">.- (1) Where a suit<o:p></o:p> is wholly or partly dismissed under rule 8, the plaintiff shall be<o:p></o:p> precluded from bringing a fresh suit in respect of the same cause of<o:p></o:p> action. But he may apply for an order to set the dismissal aside, and if<o:p></o:p> he satisfies the Court that there was sufficient cause for his nonappearance when the suit was called on for hearing, the Court shall make an order setting aside the dismissal upon such terms as to costs or otherwise as it thinks fit and shall appoint a day for proceeding with the suit. … .”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.9 When provisions have been provided to restore a suit which has been dismissed on the ground of absence of plaintiff, similar provisions need be provided under the CrPC also.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.10 In the absence of such provisions under sections 249 and 256, the complainants have to move the High Court under criminal revision where the accused has been discharged or in appeal against acquittal where the accused has been acquitted. By adding provisions for restoration of complaints, the burden on the High Courts will be lessened.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Inherent power of subordinate courts<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.11 The subordinate criminal courts have no inherent powers.1 </span><span style="font-size:100%;">The<o:p></o:p> formula “interest of justice” is not available to the subordinate criminal<o:p></o:p> judiciary beyond the frontiers of the statutory provisions and does not enable entry into the corridor of investigation<b>.</b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">2 </span><span style="font-size:100%;">However, courts exist for dispensation of justice and not for its denial for technical reasons when law and justice otherwise demand. Even though inherent power saved under section 482, CrPC is only in favour of High Courts, the subordinate criminal courts are also not powerless to do what is absolutely necessary for dispensation of justice in the absence of a specific enabling provision provided there is no prohibition and no illegality or miscarriage of justice is involved. All the criminal courts are having such an auxiliary power subject to restriction which justice, equity, good conscience and legal provisions demand provided it will not unnecessarily prejudice somebody else.</span><span style="font-size:100%;">3 </span><span style="font-size:100%;">A Division Bench of the Kerala High Court has in <b><i>In the matter of State</i></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> <b><i>Prosecutor</i></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">4 </span><span style="font-size:100%;">held that the subordinate courts have the inherent power to act <i>ex debito justitiae </i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">(in accordance with the requirement of justice) to do the<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">real and substantial justice for which alone they exist. The absence of any reference to any other criminal court in the said provision does not necessarily imply that such courts can in no circumstances exercise inherent power. Courts may act on the principle that every procedure should be understood as permissible till it is shown to be prohibited by law.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.12 Section 482 of the CrPC closely resembles Section 151 of the CPC. In order to seek interference under the said section three conditions should be fulfilled: (1) the injustice which comes to light should be of a grave character and not of a trivial character; (2) it should be clear and palpable and not doubtful; and (3) there exists no other provision of law by which the party aggrieved could have sought relief.</span><span style="font-size:100%;">5</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.13 In <b><i>Raj Narain v. State</i></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">6 </span><span style="font-size:100%;">and <b><i>In re, Biyamma</i></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">7</span><span style="font-size:100%;">, it was held that a High Court can revoke, review, recall or alter its own earlier decision in a criminal revision and rehear the same by virtue of its inherent power reserved under the said section<b>.</b></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.14 The word ‘process’ is a general word meaning in effect anything done by the court. It includes criminal proceedings in a subordinate court.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Therefore, power should be vested in the subordinate criminal courts to restore the complaint which was dismissed by default with a view to secure justice. Whenever the Magistrate is satisfied that it is necessary in order to secure the ends of justice, he should be able to interfere with his earlier order. The court which has the power to entertain a case and order notice and decide the case on merits should also have the power to correct an obvious error.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.15 If a court finds that it delivered a judgment without hearing the party who was entitled to be heard himself or through his counsel which was necessary in the interest of justice, the court should be empowered to set aside the judgement and grant rehearing of the matter. It is true that there is no provision in the CrPC to the said effect. Nevertheless, in the interest of justice and the independence of the Judiciary, judges and magistrates should be at full liberty to discuss the conduct of persons before them either as parties or as witnesses. While exercising this power, courts should bear in mind that no person should be condemned without being heard.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.16 However, the Supreme Court in <b><i>A. S. Gauraya v. S. N. Thakur</i></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">8<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">specifically ruled that the CrPC does not contain any provision enabling a Magistrate to exercise inherent power to restore a complaint by revoking his earlier order dismissing it for the non-appearance of the complainant.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>II. LAW COMMISSION’S 141</b><b>st </b><b>REPORT<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">2.1 The 12</span><span style="font-size:100%;">th </span><span style="font-size:100%;">Law Commission of India in its 141</span><span style="font-size:100%;">st </span><span style="font-size:100%;">Report titled “<i>Need for Amending the Law as regards Power of Courts to Restore Criminal Revisional Applications and Criminal Cases Dismissed for Default in Appearance</i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">” [1991] recommended, <i>inter alia</i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">, amendment of section 256 of<i> </i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">the CrPC enabling restoration of a criminal case wherein the accused has<i> </i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">been acquitted for non-appearance of the complainant where there was<i> </i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">sufficient cause for the non-appearance. A meritorious complaint cannot be<i> </i></span><span style="font-size:100%;">allowed to be thwarted only on the ground that the complainant was unable<i><o:p></o:p></i> to remain present, even though there existed good and sufficient cause for such absence.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">2.2 The Law Commission in its aforesaid Report further recommended amendment of section 482 of the CrPC for conferment of inherent powers also on all subordinate criminal courts other than the High Court.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>III. RECOMMENDATION<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">3. In the light of above, the Law Commission has recommended appropriate amendments in sections 249 and<o:p></o:p> 256 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 inserting provisions on the lines<o:p></o:p> of Order IX of the CPC, enabling restoration of complaints.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">---------------------<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1 <b><i>Tulsamma v. Jagannath</i></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">, 2004 Cri. L. J. 4272<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">2 <b><i>State of Kerala v. Vijayan</i></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">, 1985(1) CRIMES 261<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">3 <b><i>Madhavi v. Thupran</i></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">, 1987 (1) KLT 488<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">4 </span><span style="font-size:100%;">1973 Cri. L. J. 1288<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">5 <b><i>Ram Narain v. Mool Chand</i></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">, AIR 1960 All. 296; <b><i>Janata Dal v. H. S. Chowdhary</i></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">, AIR 1993 SC 892<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">6 </span><span style="font-size:100%;">AIR 1959 All. 315 (FB)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">7 </span><span style="font-size:100%;">AIR 1963 <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Mysore</st1:place></st1:city> 326</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;" >8 </span><span style="font-size:10pt;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;">(1986) 2 SCC 709</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><o:p> </o:p></i></p> Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-3829575074201055752010-04-20T19:51:00.000-07:002010-04-20T19:54:14.001-07:00113. Disposal of seazed vehicles<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ck%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>In<span style=""> </span>Sunderbhai<span style=""> </span>Ambalal<span style=""> </span>Desai<span style=""> </span>(2002) 10 SCC 283,<span style=""> </span></b>the<span style=""> </span>Supreme Court while<span style=""> </span>quoting<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>provisions Sections 451 and 457<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>Cr.PC,<span style=""> </span>observed in para 7 as under:-</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style=""> </span></b><i>"7.<span style=""> </span>In our view, the powers under Section 451 Cr PC should be exercised<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>expeditiously and judiciously. It would serve various purposes, namely:<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>1.<span style=""> </span>owner<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the article would not suffer because of its<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>remaining<span style=""> </span>unused<span style=""> </span>or<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>its misappropriation;<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>2. court or<span style=""> </span>the police would not be required to keep the<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>article in safe custody;<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>3.<span style=""> </span>if<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>proper panchnama before handing over possession of the article is prepared, that can be used in evidence instead of its production<span style=""> </span>before the court during the trial. If<span style=""> </span>necessary, evidence could also be recorded describing the nature of the property in detail; and<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>4.<span style=""> </span>this jurisdiction<span style=""> </span>of the court to record evidence should be<span style=""> </span>exercised promptly so that there may not<span style=""> </span>be further chance of tampering with the<span style=""> </span>articles."<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">To safeguard the<span style=""> </span>interests<span style=""> </span>of the prosecution, it was directed that following measures should be adopted giving instances contained in para 12 reproduced hereinbelow:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style=""> </span></b><i>"12<span style=""> </span>For this purpose, if material on record indicates that such<span style=""> </span>articles<span style=""> </span>belong to the complainant at whose house theft, robbery<span style=""> </span>or<span style=""> </span>dacoity<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>taken<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>place,<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>seized<span style=""> </span>articles<span style=""> </span>be handed over to the complainant after:<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>(1)<span style=""> </span>preparing<span style=""> </span>detailed<span style=""> </span>proper panchnama of such<span style=""> </span>articles;<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>(2)<span style=""> </span>taking<span style=""> </span>photographs<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>such articles and a bond that<span style=""> </span>such articles would be produced if required at<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>time of trial; and<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>(3)<span style=""> </span>after taking proper security."<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><o:p> </o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">While dealing with the seized vehicles from time to time by the police either in commission of various offences or abandoned vehicles or vehicles which are recovered during investigation of complaint of thefts,<span style=""> </span>the court observed as</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">under:-</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style=""> </span></b><i>"17.<span style=""> </span>In our view, whatever be the situation, it is of no use to keep such seized vehicles at the police stations for a long period. It is for the Magistrate to pass appropriate orders immediately by taking appropriate bond and guarantee as<span style=""> </span>well as security for return of the said vehicles, if required at any point of time. This can be done pending hearing of<span style=""> </span>applications for return of such vehicles.<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>18.<span style=""> </span>In case where the vehicle is not claimed by the accused, owner, or the<span style=""> </span>insurance company or by a third person, then such vehicle may be ordered to be auctioned by the court. If the said vehicle is insured with the insurance company then the insurance company be informed by the court to take possession of the vehicle which is not claimed by the owner or a third person. If the insurance<span style=""> </span>company fails to take possession, the vehicles may be sold as per the direction of the court. The court would pass such order within a period of six months from the date of production of the said vehicle<span style=""> </span>before the court. In any case, before<span style=""> </span>handing over possession of such vehicles, appropriate<span style=""> </span>photographs<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>said vehicle should be taken and detailed panchnama should be prepared." <o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>In General Insurance Council & Ors.<span style=""> </span>V.<span style=""> </span>State of Andhra Pradesh & orsdecided on <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">19/04/2010,</span> </b>Considering<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>mandate<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Section<span style=""> </span>451<span style=""> </span>read<span style=""> </span>with Section 457 of the Code, the Supreme Court<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>addition<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>aforesaid<span style=""> </span>directions,<span style=""> </span>gave following<b> </b>further directions with regard to seized vehicles are required to be given.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><o:p> </o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>"(A)<span style=""> </span>Insurer may be permitted to move a separate application for release of the recovered vehicle as soon as it is informed of such recovery before the Jurisdictional Court. Ordinarily, release shall be made within a period of 30 days from the date of the application. The necessary photographs may be taken duly authenticated<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>certified,<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>a detailed panchnama may be prepared before such release.<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><o:p> </o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>(B)<span style=""> </span>The photographs so taken may be used as secondary evidence during trial.<span style=""> </span>Hence, physical production of the vehicle may be dispensed with.<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><o:p> </o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style=""> </span>(C)<span style=""> </span>Insurer<span style=""> </span>would<span style=""> </span>submit<span style=""> </span>an undertaking/guarantee<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>remit<span style=""> </span>the proceeds from the sale/auction of the vehicle conducted by the Insurance Company in the event that the Magistrate finally adjudicates that the rightful ownership of the vehicle does not vest with the <span style=""> </span>insurer. The undertaking/guarantee would<span style=""> </span>be furnished at the time of release of the vehicle, pursuant to the application release<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>recovered<span style=""> </span>vehicle. Insistence<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>personal<span style=""> </span>bonds<span style=""> </span>may<span style=""> </span>be<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>dispensed with looking to the corporate<span style=""> </span>structure of the insurer."<o:p></o:p></i></p> Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-75820757787194839752010-03-27T09:47:00.000-07:002010-03-27T09:48:50.385-07:00112. Jurisdiction of BFIR vis a vis High CourtSick Industrial Companies (Special provisions) Act, 1984 (SICA) has overriding effect when there arises a question of jurisdiction of BFIR under SICA vis a vis the High Court under s 391 of companies Act.<br />In Tata Motors Ltd v. Pharmaceutical Products of India Ltd. & Anr<br />2008 AIR 2805, 2008(9 )SCR267 , 2008(7 )SCC619 , 2008(9 )SCALE262 , 2008(9 )JT227, the respondent being unable to pay the dues made a reference in terms of Section 15 of SICA before the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR). The BIFR passed an order recommending winding up of the respondent. An appeal was preferred there against before the Appellate Authority for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (AAIFR).<br /><br />Respondent, however, filed an application before the High Court of Judicature at Bombay purported to be in terms of Section 391 of the 1956 Act during the pendency of the said appeal. Scheme proposed by the respondent was approved by the single judge as well as in intra court appeal .<br /><br />The Supreme Court held that:<br /><br />‘SICA furthermore was enacted to secure the principles specified in Article 39 of the Constitution of India. It seeks to give effect to the larger public interest. It should be given primacy because of its higher public purpose. Section 26 of SICA bars the jurisdiction of the Civil Courts.<br /><br />What scheme should be prepared by the operating agency for revival and rehabilitation of the sick industrial company is within the domain of BIFR. Section 26 not only covers orders passed under SICA but also any matter which BIFR is empowered to determine.<br />The jurisdiction of civil court is, thus, barred in respect of any matter for which the appellate authority or the Board is empowered. The High Court may not be a civil court but its jurisdiction in a case of this nature is limited. Section 15 of SICA provides for making reference by the Board of Directors of the Company on becoming an industrial company, a sick industrial company, to the Board for determination of the measures to be adopted with respect to the company. Section 16 provides for making inquiry into the working of sick industrial company by the Board after receiving reference.<br /><br />Section 17 of SICA provides for powers of Board to make suitable order on the completion of inquiry. Section 18 thereof provides for preparation and sanction of Scheme. Section 19 provides for rehabilitation by giving financial<br />assistance. According to sub section (1), Where the scheme relates to preventive, ameliorative, remedial and other measures with respect to any sick industrial<br />company, the scheme may provide for financial assistance by way of loans, advances or guarantees or reliefs or concessions or sacrifices from the Central Government, a State Government, any scheduled bank or other bank, a public financia institution or State level institution or any institution or other authority (any Government, bank, institution or other authority required by a scheme to provide for such financial assistance being hereafter in this section referred to as the person required by the scheme to provide financial assistance) to the sick industrial company.<br /><br />The supreme court held that :<br />“The provisions of a special Act will override the provisions of a general Act. A later of it will override an earlier Act. 1956 Act is a general Act. It consolidates and restates the law relating to companies and certain other associations. It is prior in point of time to SICA.<br /> ……… Wherever any inconstancy is seen in the provisions of the two Acts, SICA would prevail. SICA furthermore is a complete code. It contains a non-obstante clause in Section 32.<br />……..SICA is a special statute. It is a self contained Code. The jurisdiction of the Company Judge in a case where reference had been made to BIFR would be subject to the provisions of SICA.”<br /><br /><br />In NGEF Ltd. vs. Chandra Developers (P) Ltd. : (2005) 8 SCC 219 (see also, Morgan Securities and Credit Pvt. Ltd. v. Modi Rubber Ltd. [AIR 2007 SC 683), in regard to the jurisdiction of the Company Court it was held :-<br /> "39. The provisions of SICA contain non obstante clauses. It is a special statute. It is a complete code in itself. The jurisdiction of the Company Court in such matters would arise only when BIFR or AAAIFR, as the case may be, has exercised its jurisdiction under Section 20 of SICA recommending winding up of the Company upon arriving at a finding that there does not exist any chance of revival of the Company."<br /><br />It was further held:<br />The satisfaction arrived at by BIFR that the Company is not likely to become viable in future and it is just and equitable that the Company should be wound up must be based on objective criteria. The High Court indisputably on receipt of such recommendation of BIFR would initiate a proceeding for winding up in terms of<br />Section 433 of the Companies Act. Sub-section (2) of Section 536 ipso facto does not confer any jurisdiction upon the Company Court to direct sale of the assets of the sick company. It has to exercise its power thereunder subject to the provisions of the special statute governing the field. Despite the fact that the procedures laid down under the Companies Act would be applicable therefore but they must be read with sub-section (4) of Section 20 of SICA which contains a non obstante clause and in<br />terms thereof, BIFR is authorised to sell the assets of the sick industrial company in such a manner as it may dee fit. By reason of the said provision, BIFR is also empowered to forward the sale proceeds to the High Court for orders for distribution in accordance with Section 529-A and other provisions of the Companies Act which in no uncertain terms would mean that the distribution of the sale proceeds would be for the purpose of meeting the claims of the creditors in the manner laid down therein. The intention of Parliament in enacting the said provision becomes clear as in terms of Section 22-A of SICA, BIFR is empowered to issue any direction in the interest of the sick industrial company or its creditors or shareholders and direct the sick industrial company not to dispose of its assets except with its assent. Section 32, contains a non obstante clause. The scheme suggests that BIFR retains control over the assets of the Company and in terms of the aforementioned provisions may either sick industrial company. Such a power in BIFR remains till a winding-up order is passed by the High Court and a stage arrives for the High Court for issuing orders for<br />distribution of the sale proceeds.<br />………SICA was furthermore enacted subsequent to the provisions of the Companies Act. It is not, thus, possible to accept the submission that the High Court exercises a concurrent jurisdiction."<br /><br />It was ruled that the Company Court and the BIFR do not exercise concurrent jurisdiction. It was held that: It may be true that the High Court's jurisdiction is that of the Appellate Authority but keeping in view the terminology contained in sub- section (4) of Section 20 read with Section 32 of the Act, it leaves no manner of doubt that the provisions of SICA shall prevail over the provisions of the Companies Act. For the aforementioned purpose, it was not necessary for Parliament to mention specifically the provisions of sub-section (4) of Section 20 that the same shall prevail over Section 536 of the Companies Act…..”<br /><br />“BIFR admittedly had the power to sell the assets of the Company but the High Court until a winding-up order is issued does not have the same.”<br /> <br />In Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Co. Ltd. vs. Bombay Environmental Action<br />Group : (2006) 3 SCC 434 It was held that:<br />“13. The 1993 Act was enacted to provide for and regulate the payment of interest on delayed payments to small-scale and ancillary industrial undertakings and for matters connected therewith.<br />14. The provisions of the 1993 Act, therefore, do not envisage a situation where an industrial company becomes sick and requires framing of a scheme for its revival.<br />15. It is no doubt true that an award in relation to a claim of a small-scale industry if made by the Council would be governed by the provisions of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 .”<br /><br />In Damji Valli Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India, [(1965) 2 SCR 665 ], the question which arose for consideration was as to whether a similar provision made in the Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 shall bar the jurisdiction of the Company Court in terms of Section 446 (1) of the Companies Act. Referring to Section 41 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 it was stated that the Tribunal constituted under the LIC Act will have exclusive jurisdiction.Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-67382762163098313002010-03-06T01:58:00.000-08:002010-03-06T02:01:22.995-08:00111. Cancellation of petrol pump dealership- prier notice of test is mandatoryCase - <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">M/s Hindustan Petroleum Corpn. Ltd. & Ors v. M/s Super Highway Services & Anr. decided on 19/02/2010</span><br /><br /><br />An inspection of petrol pump was made and dealership was cancelled on the ground that high speed diesel was found contaminated. The High allowed the writ petition of the on the ground that notice of the Laboratory Test to be conducted at the Barauni Terminal had not been served upon thepetitioner, which has caused severe prejudice to him since its dealership agreement was terminated on the basis of the findings of such Test. Admittedly the dealership agreement was terminated on the ground that the product supplied by the petitioner corporation was contaminated by the respondent. Such contamination was sought to be proved by testing the T.T. retention sample in the laboratory at Barauni Terminal.<br /><br />Dismissing the SLP of the Corporation the Supreme Court held that : “The Guidelines being followed by the Corporation require that the dealer should be given prior notice regarding the test so that he or his representative also can be present when the test is conducted. The said requirement is in accordance with the principles of natural justice and the need for fairness in the matter of terminating the dealership agreement and it cannot be made an empty formality. Notice should be served on the dealer sufficiently early so as to give him adequate time and opportunity to arrange for his presence during the test and there should be admissible evidence for such service of notice on the dealer. Strict adherence to the above requirement is essential, in view of the possibility of manipulation in the conduct of the test, if it is conducted behind the back of the dealer. In the present case, there is no admissible evidence to prove service of notice on the respondent or refusal of notice by the respondent. Further, the notice dated 28.05.2008 which was allegedly refused by respondent, did not give him adequate time to arrange for the presence of himself or his representative during the test to be conducted at 3.00 PM on 29.05.2008. It is also to be noted that the endorsement regarding the alleged refusal is dated 29.05.2008 itself. Thus, the termination of the dealership agreement of the respondent was arbitrary, illegal and in violation of the principles of natural justice.”Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-64874934787978591402010-02-13T01:50:00.000-08:002010-02-13T01:52:15.042-08:00110. Principle of negative equality<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ck%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="State"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style="">A Division Bench of the <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Allahabad</st1:city></st1:place> High Court in Shripal Vaish v. U.P. Power Corpn. Ltd. (2009) 4 UPLBEC 3267 held that if a person is not entitled to payment in view of a particular provision, he can not claim parity that under similar circumstances payment is being made to others. The court relied on decision of the apex court in State of <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Bihar</st1:place></st1:state> v Kameshwar Prasad Singh AIR 2000 SC 2306 . In Kameshwar Prasad’s case it was held that:<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style=""> </span>“ The concept of equality as envisaged under Article<span style=""> </span> 14 of the Constitution is a positive concept<span style=""> </span>which cannot be enforced in a negative manner.<span style=""> </span>When any authority is shown to have committed any illegality or irregularity in favour<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>any<span style=""> </span> individual or group<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>individuals<span style=""> </span>other cannot<span style=""> </span>claim the same illegality or irregularity on<span style=""> </span>ground of<span style=""> </span>denial thereof to them.<span style=""> </span>Similarly wrong judgment passed in favour of one individual does not entitle others to claim similar<span style=""> </span> benefits.”<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style="">In this regard the Supreme <span style=""> </span>Court in<span style=""> </span>Gursharan Singh<span style=""> </span>& Ors.<span style=""> </span>v.<span style=""> </span>NDMC & Ors.<span style=""> </span>[1996 (2) SCC 459] held that citizens<span style=""> </span>have assumed wrong notions regarding the scope<span style=""> </span>of Article<span style=""> </span> 14<span style=""> </span>of the Constitution which<span style=""> </span>guarantees<span style=""> </span>equality before<span style=""> </span>law<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span> all citizens. Benefits<span style=""> </span>extended<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>some persons<span style=""> </span> in an irregular or illegal manner cannot be claimed by a citizen on the plea of equality as enshrined in Article 14<span style=""> </span>of the Constitution by way of writ petition filed in the High Court.<span style=""> </span>The Court observed:<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style=""> </span>"Neither Article 14 of the Constitution conceives within the<span style=""> </span>equality<span style=""> </span>clause this concept nor Article 226<span style=""> </span>empowers the High Court to enforce such claim of equality before law. If such claims are enforced, it shall amount to directing to continue<span style=""> </span>and perpetuate an illegal procedure or an<span style=""> </span>illegal order<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>extending similar benefits to others.<span style=""> </span>Before<span style=""> </span>a claim<span style=""> </span>based<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>equality<span style=""> </span>clause is<span style=""> </span>upheld, it<span style=""> </span>must<span style=""> </span>be established<span style=""> </span>by the petitioner that his claim being just and legal, has been denied to him, while it has been extended to others and in this process there has been a discrimination."<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style=""> </span>Again in Secretary, Jaipur Development Authority, Jaipur v.<span style=""> </span>Daulat<span style=""> </span>Mal Jain & Ors.<span style=""> </span>[1997 (1) SCC 35]<span style=""> </span> this<span style=""> </span>Court considered<span style=""> </span>the scope of Article 14 of the Constitution<span style=""> </span> and reiterated<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span> earlier position regarding the<span style=""> </span> concept<span style=""> </span>of equality holding:<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style=""> </span>"Suffice<span style=""> </span>it to hold that the illegal allotment<span style=""> </span>founded upon<span style=""> </span>ultra<span style=""> </span>vires and illegal policy of allotment<span style=""> </span>made<span style=""> </span>to some<span style=""> </span>other persons wrongly, would not form a legal<span style=""> </span>premise to<span style=""> </span>ensure<span style=""> </span>it to the respondent or to repeat or<span style=""> </span>perpetuate such<span style=""> </span>illegal<span style=""> </span>order, nor could it be legalised.<span style=""> </span>In<span style=""> </span>other words,<span style=""> </span>judicial process cannot be abused to perpetuate<span style=""> </span> the illegalities.<span style=""> </span>Thus considered, we hold that the High Court was<span style=""> </span>clearly<span style=""> </span>in error in directing the appellants to<span style=""> </span>allot<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style="">the land to the respondents."<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style=""> </span>In State<span style=""> </span>of <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Haryana</st1:place></st1:state> & Ors v.<span style=""> </span>Ram Kumar Mann[1997<span style=""> </span> (3) SCC 321] this Court observed:<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style=""> </span>"The<span style=""> </span>doctrine<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span> discrimination<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>founded<span style=""> </span>upon existence of an enforceable right.<span style=""> </span>He was discriminated and denied<span style=""> </span>equality as some similarly situated persons had been given<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>same relief.<span style=""> </span>Article 14 would apply<span style=""> </span>only when invidious<span style=""> </span>discrimination<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>meted<span style=""> </span>out<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span> equals<span style=""> </span> and similarly<span style=""> </span>circumstanced<span style=""> </span>without<span style=""> </span>any<span style=""> </span> rational<span style=""> </span>basis<span style=""> </span>or relationship<span style=""> </span>in that behalf.<span style=""> </span>The respondent has no<span style=""> </span>right, whatsoever<span style=""> </span>and cannot be given the relief wrongly given<span style=""> </span>to them,<span style=""> </span>i.e., benefit of withdrawal of resignation.<span style=""> </span>The High Court was wholly wrong in reaching the conclusion that there was invidious discrimination.<span style=""> </span>If we cannot allow a wrong to perpetrate,<span style=""> </span>an employee, after committing mis-appropriation of<span style=""> </span>money,<span style=""> </span>is dismissed from service and subsequently that order<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>withdrawn and he is reinstated into the<span style=""> </span>service. Can<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>similarly circumstanced person claim equality<span style=""> </span>under Section 14 for reinstatement?<span style=""> </span>The answer is obviously "No". In<span style=""> </span>a converse case, in the first instance, one may be wrong but<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>wrong order cannot be the foundation for<span style=""> </span>claiming equality<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>enforcement<span style=""> </span>of the same order. As<span style=""> </span>stated earlier, his right must be founded upon enforceable right to entitle<span style=""> </span> him<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>equality<span style=""> </span> treatment<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span> enforcement thereof.<span style=""> </span>A wrong decision by the Government does not give a<o:p></o:p> right<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>enforce<span style=""> </span>the wrong order<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>claim<span style=""> </span>parity<span style=""> </span>or equality.<span style=""> </span>Two wrongs can never make a right."<o:p></o:p></b></p> Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-56947724968260734382010-01-16T06:26:00.000-08:002010-01-16T06:30:07.015-08:00109. NI Act - Limitation starts from first noticeWhether after the notice issued under clause (b) of Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act,1881 is received by the drawer of the cheque, the payee or holder of the cheque, who does not take any action on the basis of such notice within the period prescribed under Section 138 of the Act, is entitled to send a fresh notice in respect of the same cheque and, thereafter, proceed to file a complaint under Section 138 of the Act?<br /><br />Above question has been answered in negative by the Supreme Court in CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.46 OF 2010 (@ SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRL) NO.6676 OF 2008), Tameeshwar Vaishnav Vs. Ramvishal Gupta (Decided on 8/1/10) wherein relying on two earlier decisions it has been held that under s 138 , NI Act, the cause of action arises only once. In this case first notice was issued on 22th march 2006 but complaint was not filed within 30 days and subsequently the cheque was again presented and dishonored and fresh notice was issued on 14th June 2006 and on that basis a complint was filed on 10th July 2006.<br />The Supreme Court accepted the argument that when the complainant did not take any action on the basis of the first notice a second notice in regard to the self-same cheque was barred under the proviso to Section 138 of the Act. In Sadanandan Bhadran vs. Madhavan Sunil Kumar [(1998) 6 SCC 514], it was held that the cause of action to file complaint on non-payment despite issue of notice, arises but once. Another cause of action would not arise on repeated dishonour on re-presentation. It was also held that while the payee was free to present the cheque repeatedly within its validity period, once notice had been issued and payments not received within 15 days of the receipt of the notice, the payee has to avail the very cause of action arising thereupon and file the complaint. Dishonour of the cheque on each re-presentation does not give rise to a fresh cause of action. This view was reiterated in Prem Chand Vijay Kumar vs. Yashpal Singh & Anr. [(2005) 4 SCC 417]. <br /> <br /><br />Following above decisions in Tameeshwar case (supra) the Supreme Court held that: <br /><br />“The provisions of Section 138 and clauses (a), (b) and (c) to the proviso thereof indicate that a cheque has to be presented to the bank within a period of six months from the date on which it is drawn or within the period of its validity, whichever is earlier. Clause (b) indicates that the payee or the holder in due course of the cheque, has to make demand for the payment of the said amount of money by giving a notice in writing to the drawer of the cheque within 30 days of the receipt of information by him from the bank regarding the return of the cheque as unpaid and clause (c) provides that if the drawer of the cheque fails to make the payment of the said amount of money to the payee or to the holder in due course of the cheque within 15 days of receipt of the said notice, the payee or the holder of the cheque may file a complaint under Section 142 of the Act in the manner prescribed.”<br /><br />The Supreme Court hald that : “In the instant case, it is clear that the fresh (sic) notices were received by the Appellant on 14th June, 2006, whereas the complaints were filed on 10th July, 2006. It must, therefore, be held that the complaints were filed beyond the period of limitation and the learned Magistrate erred in taking cognizance on the complaints filed on the basis of the second notices issued on 7th June, 2006. Similarly, the High Court was also wrong in affirming the order of the learned Magistrate.”Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-41714533707277908732010-01-04T10:07:00.000-08:002010-06-07T01:39:20.737-07:00List of legal articles by Dr. V.N. Tripathi<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2010/06/115-compounding-of-offences-us-138-ni.html">115. Compounding of offences u/s 138, NI Act</a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2010/04/restoration-of-criminal-complaints-on.html">114. Restoration of criminal complaints on the line of civil suit</a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2010/04/disposal-of-seazed-vehicles.html">113. Disposal of seazed vehicles</a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2010/03/112-jurisdiction-of-bfir-vis-vis-high.html">112. Jurisdiction of BFIR vis a vis High Court</a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2010/03/cancellation-of-petrol-pump-dealership.html">111. Cancellation of petrol pump dealership- prier notice of test is mandatory</a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2010/02/110-principle-of-negative-equality.html">110. Principle of negative equality</a></h3><h3 style="font-weight: normal;" class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2010/01/110-ni-act-limitation-starts-from-first.html">109. NI Act - Limitation starts from first notice</a></span></h3><h3 style="font-weight: normal;" class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size:100%;">108. LIST / INDEX</span></h3><h3 style="font-weight: normal;" class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2010/01/special-appeal-in-allahabad-high-court.html">107. Special Appeal in Allahabad High Court - when not maintainable</a></span><br /></h3><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/11/106-penal-provisions-relating-to-road.html">106. Penal provisions relating to road accidents</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/11/105-first-law-maker-of-world.html">105. First Law maker of the world</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/11/104-court-can-not-dismiss-suit-when.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>104. The Court can not dismiss the suit when plaintiff fails to pay the costs</a><br />103. Shifted to other subject<br />102. --- do -----<br />101. --- do -----<br />100. --- do -----<br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/divorce-in-uk-basic-rules-2.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>99. Divorce in U.K. – Basic rules (2)</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/98-divorce-in-united-kingdom-basic.html">98. Divorce in United Kingdom - Basic rules (1)</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/97-jurisdiction-of-civil-court-in-labor.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>97. Jurisdiction of Civil Court in labor matters - when not barred.</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/96-insurer-not-liable-if-dl-expired.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>96. Insurer is not liable if DL expired</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/95-writ-of-mandamus-some-guide-lines.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>95. Writ of mandamus - some guide lines</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/94-dissolution-of-unregistered-firm.html">94. Dissolution of unregistered firm</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/93-right-to-water.html">93. Right to water</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/92-age-in-view-of-amendments-in-jj-act.html">92. Age in view of amendments in Juvenile Justice Act</a><br /><span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/91-s-138niact-when-drower-says-cheque.html">91. s. 138,N.I.Act - when drower says cheque was lost</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/90-post-and-vacancy.html">90. 'Post' and 'vacancy'</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/89-sentencing-provocation-relevant.html">89. Sentencing - Provocation, a relevant consideration</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/88-family-law-self-help-center.html">88. Family law self help center</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/87-precedents-some-guidelines.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>87. Precedents- some guidelines</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/86-important-points-regarding-s138-ni.html">86. Important points regarding s.138, NI Act</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/85-remand-of-accused-on-change-of.html">85. Remand of accused on change of investigating agency</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/84-conditional-legislation-and.html">84. Conditional legislation and delegated legislation</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/83-blood-test-in-paternity-dispute.html">83. Blood test in paternity dispute</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/82-fraudcheating-simultanious-civil-and.html">82. Fraud/cheating - simultanious civil and criminal case</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/81-304-b-ipc-cruelty-soon-before-death.html">81. 304 B, IPC - cruelty soon before death</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/80-mv-act-compensation-amount-on-death.html">80. MV Act- Compensation amount on death of children</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/79-transplantation-of-human-organs.html">79. Transplantation of human organs</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/78-investigation-by-unauthorised.html">78. Investigation by unauthorised officer</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/76-supreme-courts-jurisdiction-general.html">76. Supreme court's jurisdiction - general information</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/75-final-report-and-charge-sheet.html">75. Final report and charge sheet</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/74-high-courts-in-india.html">74. High Courts in India</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/73-protest-petition-practice-not.html">73. Protest petition - a practice, not statutory rule</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/71-concubinewhether-can-be-prosicuted.html">71. A concubine,whether can be prosicuted for u/s 498-A, IPC ?</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/70-ad-hoc-period-whether-to-be-included.html">70. Ad-hoc period - whether to be included in length of service</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/69-applicability-of-limitation-act-in.html">69. Applicability of limitation Act in Excise matters</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/68-different-standard-of-evidence-at.html">68. Different standard of evidence at different stages of trial</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/67-art-161-cf-art-72-in-cases-of-death.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>67. Art. 161 c.f. Art. 72 in cases of death sentence</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/66-transparency-and-accountability-in.html">66. Transparency and accountability in a statute</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/65-argument-beyond-pleadings.html">65 Argument beyond pleadings</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/state-64-judicial-service-who-is.html">64 State Judicial Service - who is empowered to frame rules?</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/63-welfare-statutes.html">63 Welfare statutes</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/62-will-disinheritance-of-heirs-of.html">62 Will - Disinheritance of heirs of equal degree</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/61-option-between-ss-163-and-166-of-mv.html">61 Option between Ss. 163 – A and 166 of M.V. Act</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/60-criminal-prosecution-of-company.html">60 Criminal prosecution of Company - Changing judicial views.</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/59-evidence-of-defense-at-stage-of.html">59 Evidence of defense at the stage of charge</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/58-difference-between-inquiry-officer.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>58 Difference between inquiry officer and disciplinary authority</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/57-interest-under-land-acquisition-act.html">57 Interest under Land Acquisition Act</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/56-territorial-jurisdiction-of-high.html">56 Territorial jurisdiction of High Court</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/56-limitation-act-art58-v-art-113.html">56 Limitation Act – Art.58 v. Art. 113</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/54-evidentiary-value-of-certified-copy.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>54 Evidentiary value of certified copy of sale deed</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/53-quashing-of-fir-because-of-cross.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>53 quashing of FIR because of cross cases</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/52-judicial-interference-in-police.html">52 Judicial interference in police investigation</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/51-standard-of-proof-at-stage-of.html">51 Standard of proof at the stage of summoning order</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/50-quashing-of-fir-when-dispute-is-of.html">50 Quashing of FIR when dispute is of civil nature</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/49-inquest-report-object-and-scope.html">49 Inquest report - Object and scope</a><br /><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/s-48-156-3-crpc-prospective-accused-has.html">48. s. 156 (3) CrPC- Prospective accused has no standing</a><br /><ul class="posts"><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/47-conviction-for-offence-for-which.html">47 Conviction for offence for which charge was not...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/46-cruelty-us-498-306-ipc-and-s-13-of.html">46 Cruelty u/s 498-A, 306 IPC and s 13 of HMA</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/45-scope-of-interference-under-aet-226.html">45 Scope of interference under Aet 226 for FIR qua...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/44-notice-to-prospective-accused-us-319.html">44 Notice to prospective accused u/s 319 CrPC- if ...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/43-revision-against-summoning-order.html">43 Revision against summoning order- whether maint...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/42-value-of-motive-under-criminal-law.html">42 Value of Motive under criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/summoning-under-s-319-crpc.html">४१. summoning under s 319 CrPC</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/40-no-fine-can-be-imposed-under-s-304-b.html">40. No fine can be imposed under s 304 B IPC</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/motive-alone-is-not-sufficient-to.html">39. Motive alone is not sufficient to convict</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/interim-bail.html">38. Interim bail</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/grinding-and-mixing-of-spices-whether.html">37. Grinding and mixing of spices - whether manufa...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/further-cross-examination-only-on.html">36. Further cross examination - only on specified ...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/35-court-management-and-good.html">35. Court Management and good administration</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/34-remedy-in-absence-of-review-power.html">34. Remedy in absence of review power</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/33-clerical-and-arithmetical-error.html">33. clerical and arithmetical error</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/32-inclusion-in-select-list-no-right-to.html">32. Inclusion in select list - No right to appoint...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/31-approbate-and-reprobate.html">31. Approbate and Reprobate</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/30-judicial-review-of-departmental.html">30. Judicial review of departmental proceedings</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/29-tolerance-is-foundation-of-marriage.html">29. Tolerance is foundation of marriage but...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/28-standard-of-proof-us-304b-vis-vis.html">28. Standard of proof u/s 304B vis a vis 306, IPC...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/27-market-value-for-acquired-land.html">27. Market value for acquired land</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/25-quashing-of-proceedings-us-498-ipc.html">25. Quashing of proceedings u/s 498-A, IPC</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/24-validation-act-whether-transgression.html">24. Validation Act- whether transgression on judic...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/23-strict-liability-of-state-and-act-of.html">23. Strict liability of State and act of stranger</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/22-bigamy-can-not-be-inferred-from.html">22. Bigamy - can not be inferred from confession</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/21-transfer-incidence-of-service.html">21. Transfer- an incidence of service</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/20-students-as-consumer-of-college.html">20. Students as consumer of the College</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/19-second-appeal-law-prevails-over.html">19. Second Appeal - Law prevails over Truth</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/18-non-supply-of-documents-prejudice.html">18. Non supply of documents - prejudice theory</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/17-crpc-s154-and-1563-judicial.html">17. CrPC s.154 and 156(3)-Judicial guidelines</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/16-prosecution-of-company-under-s-138.html">16. Prosecution of Company under s 138, N.I. Act</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/15-administrative-tribunals-whether.html">15. Administrative Tribunals – whether covered und...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/14-reservation-not-fundamental-right.html">14. Reservation – not a fundamental right</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/13-s125-crpc-is-desertion-defence-only.html">13. S.125 CrPC– is desertion a defence only till d...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/jurisdiction-of-consumer-forum-if-there.html">12. Jurisdiction of Consumer Forum if there is st...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/12-fixation-of-primary-liability-on.html">11. Fixation of primary liability on insurer</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/10-student-not-consumer-of-education.html">10. Student, not a consumer of Education Board</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/9-norms-for-granting-interim-relief.html">9. Norms for granting interim relief</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/8-degrees-awarded-by-hindi-sahitya.html">8. degrees awarded by Hindi Sahitya Sammelan (2)</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/7-judicial-verdicts-on-degrees-awarded.html">7. Judicial verdicts on degrees awarded by Hindi S...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/6-powers-and-functioning-of-law.html">6. Powers and functioning of Law Commission of Ind...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/5-dispute-regarding-number-of.html">5. Dispute regarding number of arbitrators</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/arrears-on-criminal-side-in-allahabad.html">4. Arrears on criminal side in Allahabad High Cou...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/3-land-acquisition-deduction-towards.html">3. Land acquisition – Deduction towards developmen...</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/rights-of-nominee-vis-vis-legal-heirs.html">2. Rights of nominee vis-à-vis legal heirs</a></li><li><a href="http://judicialnotes.blogspot.com/2009/10/compromise-in-non-compoundable-cases.html">1. Compromise in non compoundable cases</a></li></ul><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-13826976735927353152010-01-04T05:00:00.000-08:002010-01-04T05:37:07.225-08:00107. Special Appeal in Allahabad High Court - when not maintainable<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ck%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="Street"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="address"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText {mso-style-noshow:yes; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.MsoFootnoteReference {mso-style-noshow:yes; vertical-align:super;} /* Page Definitions */ @page {mso-footnote-separator:url("file:///C:/DOCUME~1/k/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_header.htm") fs; mso-footnote-continuation-separator:url("file:///C:/DOCUME~1/k/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_header.htm") fcs; mso-endnote-separator:url("file:///C:/DOCUME~1/k/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_header.htm") es; mso-endnote-continuation-separator:url("file:///C:/DOCUME~1/k/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_header.htm") ecs;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >In </span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >SPECIAL APPEAL No.</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" ><span>1942 of 2008</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Sheet Gupta v. State Of U.P. & Others</span> decided on <span style="font-weight: bold;">11/12/2009</span>,<span style=""> </span>the <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Full Bench</span> </span>of Allahabad High Court resolved the controversy regarding maintainability of Special Appeal (Letters Patent Appeal or Intra-Court Appeal ) against a judgment of single judge of the High Court. The question <span style=""> </span>was referred to Full Bench as there were two contradictory decisions of coordinate two judge benches. The referred question was as under:<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-style: italic;">
<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-style: italic;">"Whether a special appeal under the provisions of Rule 5 of Chapter VIII of the Rules of the Court lies in a case where the judgment has been given by a learned single Judge in a writ petition directed against an order passed in an appeal under paragraph 28 of the U.P. Scheduled Commodities Distribution Order, 2004?"</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >
<br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >Laying down general rules regarding maintainability of Special Appeal the Full Bench held that :
<br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >“from the perusal of Chapter VIII Rule 5 of the Rules of Allahabad High Court, a special appeal shall lie before this Court from the judgment passed by one Judge of the Court. However, such special appeal will not lie in the following circumstances:
<br />1.The judgment passed by one Judge in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction, in respect of a decree or order made by a Court subject to the Superintendence of the Court;
<br />2.the order made by one Judge in the exercise of revisional jurisdiction;
<br />3.the order made by one Judge in the exercise of the power of Superintendence of the High Court;
<br />4.the order made by one Judge in the exercise of criminal jurisdiction;
<br />5.the order made by one Judge in the exercise of jurisdiction conferred by Article 226 or Article 227 of the Constitution of India in respect of any judgment, order or award by
<br />(i) the tribunal,
<br />(ii) Court or
<br />(iii) statutory arbitrator
<br />made or purported to be made in the exercise or purported exercise of jurisdiction under any Uttar Pradesh Act or under any Central Act, with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List or the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India;
<br />6.the order made by one Judge in the exercise of jurisdiction conferred by Article 226 or 227 of the Constitution of India in respect of any judgment, order or award of
<br />(i) the Government or
<br />(ii) any officer or
<br />(iii) authority,
<br />made or purported to be made in the exercise or purported exercise of appellate or revisional jurisdiction under any such Act, i.e. under any Uttar Pradesh Act or under any Central Act, with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List or the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India."
<br /><!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]-->
<br /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >Answering the referred question the Full Bench held that: “---- the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 is a Central Act referable to Entry 33 of the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. ---In the present case, we find that the Commissioner had exercised powers conferred under Clause 28 of the Distribution Order, 2004, which order has been passed under the provisions of the Act, therefore, the appellate power has been exercised under the Act and, thus, no special appeal would lie. It may be mentioned here that right of an appeal is a statutory right and not a vested right and can be hedged by conditions as held by the <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">Apex Court</st1:address></st1:street> in the cases of Smt. Ganga Bai<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>and Vijay Prakash & Jawahar. <a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;">[2]"</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >
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<br /></span></div><hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; height: 2px;" width="33%" size="1"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[endif]--> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >Smt. Ganga Bai vs. Vijay Kumar and others, AIR 1974 SC 1126.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:85%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="" id="ftn2"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >Vijay Prakash D. Mehta and Jawahar D. Mehta vs. Collector of Customs (Preventive), <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Bombay</st1:city></st1:place>, AIR 1988 SC 2010</span><span style="font-size:14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> </div> Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-35574540224820147632009-11-24T08:57:00.000-08:002009-11-24T09:20:10.866-08:00106. Penal provisions relating to road accidents<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ck%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="State"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.translclass {mso-style-name:transl_class;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:1452163734; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-331436494 -1053138494 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%1\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:.75in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.75in; text-indent:-.5in;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">Penal provisions to combat road accidents can be found in following three enactments:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color:teal;"><span style="">(i)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color:teal;">Indian Penal Code, 1860<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="color:teal;"><span style=""> </span>(ii) <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style="">Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color:teal;"><span style=""> </span>(iii) <span style=""> </span>National Highways Act, 1956<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;font-size:14pt;color:teal;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;">(i) <span style=""> </span>Indian<span style=""> </span>Penal Code, 1860 <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sections 279, 304A, 336, 337, 338, IPC are deal with cases of road accidents . These provisions are as under:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Section 279. <i>Rash driving or riding on a public way</i>. “Whoever drives any vehicle, or rides, on any public way in a manner so rash or negligent as to endanger human life, or to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both.”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Section 304A. <i>Causing death by negligence</i>. “Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Section 336. <i>Act endangering life or personal safety of others</i>. “Whoever does any act so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three months, or with fine which may extend to two hundred and</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">fifty rupees, or with both.”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Section 337. <i>Causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others</i>. “Whoever causes hurt to any person by doing any<i> </i>act so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life, or the<i> </i>personal safety of others, shall be punished with imprisonment of<i> </i>either description for a term which may extend to six months, or<i> </i>with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees, or with both.”<i><o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Section 338. <i>Causing grievous hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others</i>. “Whoever causes grievous hurt to any<i> </i>person by doing any act so rashly or negligently as to endanger<i> </i>human life, or the personal safety of others, shall be punished with<i> </i>imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to<i> </i>two years, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees,<i> </i>or with both.”<i><o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">*****</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Rash or negligent act is an ingredient in all the above sections. A rash act is primarily an overhasty act, opposed to a deliberate act, but it also includes an act which, though it may be said to be deliberate, is yet done without due deliberation and caution. In rashness, the criminality lies in running the risk of doing an act with recklessness or indifference to consequences. Negligence means breach of duty caused by omission to do something which a reasonable man guided by those considerations which ordinarily regulate conduct of human affairs would do or doing something which a prudent or reasonable man would not do. Culpable negligence is acting without consciousness that illegal or mischievous effects will follow, but in circumstances which show that the actor has not exercised the caution incumbent on him, and that if he had, he would have had the consciousness. Generally, in the case of rashness, the guilty person does an act and breaks a positive duty; in the case of negligence, he does not do an act which he was bound to do, because he adverts not to it. ‘Rashness’ conveys the idea of recklessness or the doing of an act without due consideration; ‘negligence’ connotes want of proper care or</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">the standard of conduct which a reasonably prudent person would exercise in a similar situation.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">To be guilty of an offence under section 279, IPC the accused must drive a vehicle in such a rash or negligent manner as to endanger human life or to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person. Driving at a high speed or non-sounding of horn by itself does not mean that the driver is rash or negligent. Place, time, traffic and crowd are important factors to determine rashness or negligence.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Section 304A, which was inserted in the IPC by Act 25 of 1870, postulates a rash and negligent act entailing death of another. The provisions of this section apply to cases where there is no intention to cause death, and no knowledge that the act done in all probability would cause death; it should not amount to culpable homicide. Section 304A is directed at offences outside the range of sections 299 and 300, IPC.[1]</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=""> </span>Section 279 covers only those cases which relate to driving on public way endangering human life, while offence under section 304A extends to any rash or negligent act falling short of culpable homicide.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Rash and negligent acts which endanger human life, or the personal safety of others, are punishable under section 336 even though no harm follows, and are additionally punishable under sections 337 and 338 if they cause hurt, or grievous hurt. Element of volition or intention is foreign to the set of offences under sections 336 to 338, IPC. Offences defined by these sections as well as section 279 are minor offences in comparison with the offence under section 304A where death is caused by a rash or negligent act.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Recently, the Supreme Court has observed that if a person willfully drives a motor vehicle into the midst of a crowd and thereby causes death to some person, it will not be a case of mere rash and negligent driving and the act would amount to culpable homicide.[2]</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Dealing with sentencing of a convict for offences under sections 279 and 304A, IPC, the Supreme Court in <i>Dalbir Singh v. State of</i> <i>Haryana </i>[3] held:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">“When automobiles have become death traps any leniency shown to drivers who are found guilty of rash driving would be at the risk of further escalation of road accidents. All those who are manning the steering of automobiles, particularly professional drivers, must be kept under constant reminders of their duty to adopt utmost care and also of the consequences befalling them in cases of dereliction. One of the most effective ways of keeping such drivers under mental vigil is to maintain a deterrent element in the sentencing sphere. Any latitude shown to them in that sphere would tempt them to make driving frivolous and a frolic.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">…</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">13. Bearing in mind the galloping trend in road accidents in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> and the devastating consequences visiting the victims and their families, criminal courts cannot treat the nature of the offence under Section 304-A IPC as attracting the benevolent provisions of</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Section 4 of the Probation of Offenders Act. While considering the quantum of sentence to be imposed for the offence of causing death by rash or negligent driving of automobiles, one of the prime considerations should be deterrence. A professional driver pedals the accelerator of the automobile almost throughout his working hours. He must constantly inform himself that he cannot afford to have a single moment of laxity or inattentiveness when his leg is on the pedal of a vehicle in locomotion. He cannot and should not take a chance thinking that a rash driving need not necessarily cause any accident; or even if any accident occurs it need not necessarily result in the death of any human being; or even if such death ensues he might not be convicted of the offence; and lastly, that even if he is convicted he would be dealt with leniently by the court. He must always keep in his mind the fear psyche that if he is convicted of the offence for causing death of a human being due to his callous driving of the vehicle he cannot escape from a jail sentence. This is the role which the courts can play, particularly at the level of trial courts, for lessening the high rate of motor accidents due to callous driving of automobiles.”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">In <i>Rattan Singh v. State of <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Punjab</st1:place></st1:state> [4], </i>the Supreme Court had held:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">“5. Nevertheless, sentencing must have a policy of correction. This driver, if he has to become a good driver, must have a better training in traffic laws and moral responsibility, with special reference to the potential injury to human life and limb. Punishment in this area must, therefore, be accompanied by these components. The State, we hope, will attach a course for better driving together with a livelier sense of responsibility, when the</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">punishment is for driving offences.”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Recently, the Supreme Court upheld the sentence of imprisonment awarded to the driver of a bus convicted for offences under sections 279 and 304A, IPC, following the above dicta.[5]</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="color:blue;">(ii) <span style="">Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (MVAct) is the principal instrument for regulating motor vehicles. Chapter II relates to licensing of drivers of motor vehicles, wherein section <b style="">19 confers power on the licensing authority to disqualify any person from holding a driving licence</b> <b style="">or revoke such licence,</b> if he -</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(a) is a habitual criminal or a habitual drunkard; or</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(b) is a habitual addict to any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance; or</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(c) is using or has used a motor vehicle in the commission of a cognizable offence; or</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(d) has, by his previous conduct as driver of a motor vehicle shown that his driving is likely to be attended with danger to the public; or</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(e) has obtained any driving licence or a licence to drive a particular class or description of motor vehicle by fraud or misrepresentation; or</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span>(f) has committed any such act which is likely to cause nuisance or danger to the public, as may be prescribed by the Central Government, having regard to the objects of this Act; or</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(g) has failed to submit to, or has not passed, the tests referred to in the proviso to sub-section (3) of Section 22; or</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(h) being a person under the age of eighteen years who has been granted a learner’s licence or a driving licence with the consent in writing of the person having the care of the holder of the licence and has ceased to be in such care.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Section 20. <i>Power of Court to disqualify</i>.</b> “(1) Where a person is convicted of an offence under this Act or of an offence in the commission of which a motor vehicle was used, the Court by which such person is convicted may, subject to the provisions of this Act, in addition to imposing any other punishment authorized by law, declare the person so convicted to be disqualified, for such period as the Court may specify, from holding any driving licence to drive all classes or description of vehicles, or any particular class or description of such vehicles, as are specified in such licence: Provided that in respect of an offence punishable under section 183 no such order shall be made for the first or second offence.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(2) Where a person is convicted of an offence under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 132, section 134 or section 185, the Court convicting any person of any such offence shall order the disqualification under sub-section (1), and if the offence is relatable to clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 132 or section 134, such disqualification shall be for a period of not less than one month, and if the offence is relatable to section 185, such disqualification shall be for a period of not less than six months.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span>(3) A Court shall, unless for special reasons to be recorded in writing it thinks fit to order otherwise, order the disqualification of a person,-</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(a) who having been convicted of an offence punishable under section 184 is again convicted of an offence punishable under that section;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(b) who is convicted of an offence punishable under section 189; or</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(c) who is convicted of an offence punishable under section 192:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span>Provided that the period of disqualification shall not exceed, in the case referred to in clause (a), five years, or in the case referred to in clause (b), two years or, in the case referred to in clause (c), one year.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(4) A Court ordering the disqualification of a person convicted of an offence punishable under section 184 may direct that such person shall, whether he has previously passed the test of competence to drive as referred to in sub-section (3) of section 9 or not, remain disqualified until he has subsequent to the making of the order of disqualification passed that test to the satisfaction of the licensing authority.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">….”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Section 21. <i>Suspension of driving licence in certain cases</i>.</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">“(1) Where, in relation to a person who had been previously convicted of an offence punishable under section 184, a case is registered by a police officer on the allegation that such person has, by such dangerous driving as is referred to in the said section 184, of any class or description of motor vehicle caused the death of, or grievous hurt to, one or more persons, the driving licence held by such person shall in relation to such class or description of motor vehicle become suspended,-</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(a) for a period of six months from the date on which the case is registered; or</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(b) if such person is discharged or acquitted before the expiry of the period aforesaid, until such discharge or acquittal, as the case may be.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">….”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Section 22. <i>Suspension or cancellation of driving licence on conviction</i>.<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span>“(1) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section<b style=""><i> </i></b><span style=""> </span>(3) of section 20, where a person, referred to in sub-section (1) of<b style=""><i> </i></b>section 21, is convicted of an offence of causing, by such<b style=""><i> </i></b>dangerous driving as is referred to in section 184 of any class or<b style=""><i> </i></b>description of motor vehicle, the death of, or grievous hurt to, one<b style=""><i> </i></b>or more persons, the Court by which such person is convicted may<b style=""><i> </i></b>cancel, or suspend, for such period as it may think fit, the driving<b style=""><i> </i></b>licence held by such person in so far as it relates to that class or<b style=""><i> </i></b>description of motor vehicle.<b style=""><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 20, if a person, having been previously convicted of an offence punishable under section 185, is again convicted of an offence punishable under that section, the Court, making such subsequent conviction, shall, by order, cancel the driving licence held by such person.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">….”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Section 23. <i>Effect of disqualification order</i>.</b> “(1) A person in respect of whom any disqualification order is made under section 19 or section 20 shall be debarred to the extent and for the period specified in such order from holding or obtaining a driving licence and the driving licence, if any, held by such person at the date of the order shall cease to be effective to such extent and during such period.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">….”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Chapter VIII of the MVAct deals with the control of traffic. Section 112 pertains to limits of speed and prohibits driving of a motor vehicle or it being allowed to be driven in any public place at a speed exceeding the maximum permissible speed. Rule 118 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 provides for notified transport vehicles to be fitted with a speed governor in such a manner that the speed governor can be sealed with an official seal in such a way that it cannot be removed or tampered with without the seal being broken.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Section 113 provides for limits of weight and limitations on use. Section 118 confers power on the Central Government to make regulations for the driving of motor vehicles. Accordingly, the Rules of the Road Regulations, 1989 have been made. Section 119 provides for the duty to obey traffic signs. Section 129 provides for the wearing of helmets. Various other provisions are contained in Chapter VIII for regulation of traffic.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Rules of the Road Regulations, 1989 contain detailed provisions regulating driving of motor vehicles, like keeping left, overtaking prohibited, caution at road junction, right of way to pedestrians, signals to be given by drivers, parking, visibility of lamps and registration marks, lane driving, respecting stop sign on road surface, distance from vehicles in front, no abrupt brake except for safety reasons, no projection of loads, non-carriage of dangerous substances on any public service vehicle, restriction on driving backwards, carrying of documents, viz., driving licence, certificate of registration, certificate of insurance of the vehicle and in case of transport vehicle the permit and</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">fitness certificate also.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b style="">Chapter XIII of the MVAct</b> relates to offences, penalties and procedure. <b style="">Section 177 </b>contains the general provision for punishment of offences, which is available in the absence of any specific provision for punishment applicable in a given case; the punishment is a maximum fine of Rs. 100/- for the first offence and for the subsequent offence it is only Rs. 300/-. Section 183 provides the punishment for contravention of the speed limits referred to in section 112. Section 184 provides for punishment for dangerous driving and section 185 for driving by a drunken person or a person under the influence of drugs. These sections read as under:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Section 184. <i>Driving dangerously</i></b>. “Whoever drives a motor vehicle at a speed or in a manner which is dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances of the case including the nature, condition and use of the place where the vehicle is driven and the amount of traffic which actually is at the time or which might reasonably be expected to be in the place, shall be punishable for the first offence with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, and for any second or subsequent offence, if committed within three years of the commission of a previous similar offence, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine which may extend to two thousand rupees,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">or with both.”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Section 185. <i>Driving by a drunken person or by a person under<o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i>the influence of drugs</i></b>. “Whoever, while driving, or attempting to drive, a motor vehicle,-</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(a) has, in his blood, alcohol exceeding 30 mg. per 100 ml. of blood detected in a test by a breath analyzer, or</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(b) is under this influence of drug to such an extent as to be incapable of exercising proper control over the vehicle, shall be punishable for the first offence with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to two thousand rupees, or with both; and for a second or subsequent offence, if committed within three years of the commission of the previous similar offence, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine which may extend to three thousand rupees, or with both.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>Explanation.- </i>For the purposes of this section, the drug or drugs specified by the Central Government in this behalf, by notification in the Official Gazette, shall be deemed to render a person incapable of exercising proper control over a motor vehicle.”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b style="">Section 184</b> deals with reckless driving dangerous to the public having regard to all the circumstances of the case. Offence defined under section 184 and the offence under section 279, IPC are essentially the same. No person is supposed to drive a motor vehicle on any public way in a manner which may endanger human life or is likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person. The law casts a duty on every user of the road</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">or public way to exercise due care and caution while driving a motor vehicle. The amount of care and caution required to be exercised by a driver while driving on a public way would, of course, depend upon the situation and circumstances in which he is driving. The doctrine of contributory negligence has no application in criminal law. Contributory</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">negligence may be a factor for consideration in determining the sentence, but it is not a defence entitling the accused to an acquittal.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Certain other provisions of Chapter XIII providing punishments are: </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b style="">s. 180</b>: allowing unauthorized persons to drive vehicles;s.<b style=""> 181</b>: driving vehicles in contravention of section 3 (necessity for driving licence) or section 4 (age limit in connection with driving of motor vehicles); <b style="">s. 182</b>: offences relating to licences; <b style="">s. 182A</b>: offences relating to construction and maintenance of vehicles; <b style="">s. 186</b>: driving when mentally or physically unfit to drive; <b style="">section 187: </b>offences relating to accident; <b style="">s.188</b>: abetment of offence under<b style="">s. 184, 185 or 186</b>; <b style="">s. 189</b>: racing and trials of speed; <b style="">s.190</b>: using vehicle in unsafe condition; <b style="">s. 191</b>: sale of vehicle in, or<b style=""> </b>alteration of vehicle to, a condition contravening the Act; <b style="">s. 192</b>:<b style=""> </b>using vehicle without registration; s.<b style=""> 192A</b>: using vehicle without<b style=""> </b>permit; section 193: agents and canvassers acting without proper authority; section 194: driving vehicle exceeding permissible weight; <b style="">section 196</b>: driving uninsured vehicle; <b style="">s. 197</b>: taking vehicle without authority; s.<b style=""> 198</b>: unauthorized interference with vehicle; <b style="">s. 201</b>: causing obstruction to free flow of traffic. <b style="">S. 207 </b>confers power on any police officer or other person authorized in this<b style=""> </b>behalf to seize and detain a motor vehicle, if he has reason to believe that<b style=""> </b>it has been or is being used in contravention of the specified provisions,<b style=""> </b>posing a serious threat to the public.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;">(iii) National Highways Act, 1956<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Section 8B of the National Highways Act, 1956, which provides that whoever commits mischief by doing any act which renders or which he knows to be likely to render a national highway in relation to whose development and maintenance there is an agreement, impassable or less safe for travelling or conveying property, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">extend to five years, or with a fine, or with both.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">-----------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span class="translclass"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;">1<i>Naresh Giri v. State of M.P. </i>2007(13) SCALE 7 : (2008) 1 SCC 791<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;">2 Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:10pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;">3 (2000) 5 SCC 82</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">4 <i><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">Rattan Singh v. State of <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Punjab</st1:place></st1:state> </span></i><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(1979) 4 SCC 719</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">5 <i>B. Nagabhushanam v. State of Karnataka </i>2008 (7) SCALE 716</p> Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-58892755702936742722009-11-17T04:36:00.000-08:002009-11-17T04:37:26.585-08:00105. First Law maker of the world<span style="font-size:130%;">There is a debate as to who was the first Law maker of the world. In Sanatan Dharma , Manu is commonly referred as first. But, a few scholars say that Manu had reproduced the rules made by Bhrigu. The last verse of Manusmriti itself referres Bhrigu and says that what have been taught in it was told earlier by Bhrigu .
<br />In this regard I would submit my conclusion as under:</span><div class="post-body entry-content"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ck%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype></span>
<br /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:1491948183; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-776937246 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-start-at:2; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ck%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><span style="font-size:130%;"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(102, 102, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">1. There are inferences by scholars that many verses in Manusmriti might have been subsequently added to the original script. Even there may have been manipulation by biased scholars with a view to override </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">the religious practices preferred by their rival pandits. </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">Therefore the possibility of addition of one verse at the end of the text can not be ruled out . The text that I have with me is published by “Thakur Prasad Book sellers” who are a popular publishers of</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Varanasi</st1:place></st1:city>. There may be some difference in other publications.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(102, 102, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(102, 102, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">2.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">All the puranas and other epics unanimously refer the manu as first and principal creator of manav shastra or dharm shastra. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(102, 102, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(102, 102, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">3. </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">In sanatan dharma no one is first. There is a cycle of</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">happenings and exploration of knowledge. All the scriptures authored by Badrayan ( = <st1:place st="on">Krishna</st1:place> dvaipayan = Vedvyas ) are compilations of pre-existing knowledge and stories. But, He is known as the author of 18 purans and several other epics. In Geeta, Krishna himself said </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">that he is exploring the pre-existing knowledge and there is nothing new in his teachings.But, Geeta and it’s principles are </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">identified with <st1:place st="on">Krishna</st1:place>. Patanjali was also compiler of </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">the principles of yoga – the practices taught by him were practiced earlier to him - Hiranyagarbh can be referred as original acharya of yoga . But, yoga shastra is identified with Patanjali</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(102, 102, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(102, 102, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">4.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">Similarly manu would have been first compiler of rules of ethical tradition and there may have been many earlier rulers and rishis including Bhrigu who would have made rules according to needs of the time.</span></p> <span style="color: rgb(0, 204, 204);font-size:130%;" >
<br /></span> </div>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-25091627850460021422009-11-14T08:41:00.000-08:002009-11-14T08:46:20.810-08:00104. The Court can not dismiss the suit when plaintiff fails to pay the costs<div style="text-align: justify;">Section 35B of CPC deals with costs for causing delay. Relevant portion of the said section extracted below :<br /><br /> "35B. Costs for causing delay. - (1) If, on any date fixed for the hearing<br /> of a suit or for taking any step therein, a party to the suit--<br /><br /> (a) fails to take the step which he was required by or under this Code to<br /> take on that date, or<br /><br /> (b) obtains an adjournment for taking such step or for producing evidence<br /> or on any other ground,<br /><br /> the Court may, for reasons to be recorded, make an order requiring such<br /> party to pay to the other party such costs as would, in the opinion of the<br /> Court, be reasonably sufficient to reimburse the other party in respect of<br /> the expenses incurred by him in attending the Court on that date, and<br /> payment of such costs, on the date next following the date of such order,<br /> shall be a condition precedent to the further prosecution of--<br /><br /> (a) the suit by the plaintiff, where the plaintiff was ordered to pay such<br /> costs,<br /><br /> (b) the defence by the defendant, where the defendant was ordered to<br /> pay such costs.<br /><br /> ----------------------------"<br /><br /><br />Thus, section 35B provides that if costs are levied on the plaintiff for causing delay, payment of such costs on the next hearing date, shall be a condition precedent to the further prosecution of the suit by the plaintiff. <br />If the Legislature intended that the suit should be dismissed in the event of non-payment of costs by plaintiff, or that the defence should be struck off and suit should be decreed in the event of non-payment of costs by the defendant, the Legislature would have said so. On the other hand, Legislature stated in the rule that payment of costs on the next date shall be a condition precedent to the further prosecution of the suit by plaintiff (where the plaintiff was ordered to pay such costs), and a condition precedent to the further prosecution of the defence by the defendant (where the defendant was ordered to pay such costs). This would mean that if the costs levied were not paid by the party on whom it is levied, such defaulting party is prohibited from any further participation in the suit. In other words, he ceases to have any further right to participate in the suit and he will not be permitted to let in any further evidence or address arguments. The other party will of course be permitted to place his evidence and address arguments, and the court will then decide the matter in accordance with law.<br />With the above observations the Supreme Court in CIVIL APPEAL NO. 7554-7555 OF 2009 Manohar Singh v. D. S. Sharma & Anr. Decided on 13/11/2009, rejected the contention of the that section 35B contemplates or requires dismissal of the suit as an automatic consequence of non-payment of costs by plaintiff.<br /><br />The Supreme Court also discussed some incidental and related provisions and said that when section 35B states that payment of such costs on the date next following the date of the order shall be a condition precedent for further prosecution, it clearly indicates that when the costs are levied, it should be paid on the next date of hearing and if it is not paid, the consequences mentioned therein shall follow. But the said provision will not come in the way of the court, in its discretion extending the time for such payment, in exercise of its general power to extend time under section 148 of CPC. Having regard to the scheme and object of section 35B, it is needless to say that such extension can be only in exceptional circumstances and by subjecting the defaulting party to further terms. No party can routinely be given extension of time for payment of costs, having regard to the fact that such costs under section 35B were itself levied for causing delay.<br /><br />Referring to the provisions of Rule 1 of Order XVII of CPC which deals with grant of time and adjournments, the Court observed that it is evident from Rule 1(2) proviso (e) of Order 17 that where a witness is present in court but the other side is not ready to cross-examine the witness, the court can dispense with his cross-examination. But where a genuine and bona fide request is made for adjourment, instead of resorting to forfeiture of the right to cross-examine, the court may grant time by levying costs.<br /><br />Thus the Supreme Court held that “a conspectus of the above provisions clearly demonstrates that under the scheme of CPC, a suit cannot be dismissed for non-payment of costs. Non-payment of costs results in forfeiture of the right to further prosecute the suit or defence as the case may be. Award of costs, is an alternative available to the court, instead of dispensing with the cross- examination and closing the evidence of the witness. If the costs levied for seeking an adjournment to cross-examine a witness are not paid, the appropriate course is to close the cross-examination of the witness and prohibit the further prosecution of the suit or the defence, as the case may be by the defaulting party.<br /><br /><br /><br />In this case, the supreme court observed that “the plaintiff has harassed the defendants and its witness by seeking repeated adjournments. In view of it, plaintiff's right to cross-examine DW2 stood forfeited. However, as costs were levied, but were not paid, the court should have closed the evidence of DW2, permitted the defendants to produce any further evidence (without any right to plaintiff to cross-examine such witnesses) and then ought to have proceeded to dispose of the suit on merits by considering the material available and hearing the arguments of defendant. The court could not have dismissed the suit.”<br />In view of the above, the Supreme Court allowed the appeals and set aside the judgments of the High Court and the trial court and restored the suit to its file, subject to the following :<br /><br />“ (i) The right of the plaintiff to cross-examine DW2 stands forfeited and he is barred from prosecuting the suit further.<br /><br /> (ii) The trial court shall however permit the defendants to let in any further evidence, hear arguments and then dispose of the suit.<br /><br /> (iii) However, if plaintiff-appellant tenders the costs with an appropriate application under section 148 CPC, the trial court may consider his request in accordance with law. Even if the court extends the time for deposit, permits the plaintiff to pay the costs and prosecute the suit further, that will not entitle the plaintiff to cross-examine DW2.”<br /></div>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-80838614689197526892009-10-27T12:39:00.000-07:002009-10-27T13:14:27.855-07:0099. Divorce in U.K. – Basic rules (2)<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-size:180%;">Children and divorce</span><br /></span><br /><div align="justify">Before starting a divorce petition, kindly read preceding article (No. 98 in this blog) or leaflets D183 (About divorce) and D184 (I want to get a divorce - what do I do?) of Her Majesty’s Court Service.<br />Will the court be concerned with all the children of the marriage?<br />No, only those who still need your care and financial support because of their age and circumstances.<br />You will have to name all living children of the family, no matter how old they are, when you fill in paragraph 4 of your petition. See leaflet D184 (I want to get a divorce - what do I do?).<br />The court will be concerned with any child who was born to you and the respondent, or who has been treated by you as though they had been born to you, who is:<br />• under 16; or<br />• between 16 and 18 and still at college or school full time.<br />These children are referred to as “children of the family”.<br />This includes children you have both adopted. It does not include foster children.<br />Why you have to give the court details about the children?<br /><br />The court must consider the arrangements you propose for the children after the divorce. In exceptional circumstances it can hold up the final decree (the “decree absolute”) until satisfactory arrangements are made for them.<br />What will the court want to know?<br />The court will want to know:<br />• where they live;<br />• who they live with;<br />• whether the other parent will see them and how often;<br />• about their day-to-day care;<br />• about their health;<br />• where they will go to school;<br />• what financial support they will receive; and<br />• that any special arrangements to help or protect them have been made.<br />Does this mean you must ask the court to make orders about all these things?<br />No. It is better if you and the respondent (and the children if they are old enough to understand) can agree these things together without the court having to make an order (referred to as “exercising its powers under the Children Act 1989”).<br />Whether or not you and the respondent agree about the children the court will only make an order about them if it would be better for the children than making no order at all.<br />Parenting Plans is a free guide which aims to help you and your ex-partner agree what the future arrangements for your children will be, and is available from your local divorce court, or by phoning The Stationery Office on 0870 600 5522or online at www.tsoshop.co.uk (by typing ‘parenting plans’ into the search box).<br />How will you tell the court about the arrangements proposed for the children?<br />When you start your divorce you must fill in form D8A (statement of arrangements for children) which sets out the proposals you are making.<br />The respondent can also sign the form D8A to show that he or she agrees with what you propose.<br />What will happen if the respondent will not sign the form D8A?<br />The court will send the respondent a copy of form D8A with your petition. He or she will be asked to fill in form D10 (acknowledgment of service) to say whether or not they agree with what you have proposed.<br />If they do not agree they can make their own proposals on a form D8A and send it to the court. If this happens, the court will send you a copy.<br />When will the Judge consider the arrangements for the children?<br />Normally when the Judge looks at the papers after you apply for “directions for trial”. See leaflet D186 (The respondent has replied to my petition - what must I do?). You will not normally have to attend court when this happens.<br />What will happen if the Judge is satisfied with the arrangements for the children?<br />The court will send you form D84B (notice of satisfaction with the arrangements for the children). This will tell you that the court does not need to “exercise its powers under the Children Act 1989”.<br />Form D84B will be sent to you and the respondent with form D84A, the form which tells you when your decree nisi will be pronounced. Leaflet D187 (I have a decree nisi – what must I do next?) will tell you what happens after your decree nisi is pronounced.<br />What can the Judge decide if he is not satisfied with the arrangements proposed for the children?<br />In exceptional circumstances he can decide you cannot obtain your final decree (“decree absolute”) until satisfactory arrangements are made for the children.<br />In that case you will be sent a copy of form D66 (notice that decree should not be made absolute).<br />In other cases the Judge can decide any of the following:<br />• That he needs further information about the children. You will be told what extra information you have to provide.<br />OR<br />• That an appointment should be fixed for you and the respondent to come and see the Judge about the children. The appointment will be held in the Judge’s room (called “chambers”). Normally only you, the respondent and the Judge will be there.<br />OR<br />• That a welfare report should be prepared about the children. A Cafcass children and family reporter will contact you and the respondent and make an appointment to see you both. He or she will want to talk to the children as well. The Cafcass practitioner will prepare a report and when it is ready it will be sent to the court office. The court will tell you how you can get a copy.<br />OR<br />• That it would be better for the children if the arrangements you are proposing, or some other matter about them, should be in a court order. If this happens you will need to apply formally to the court. You should ask a solicitor to help you.<br />Form D84C will tell you what will happen next and what you need to do.<br />What kind of orders can the court make?<br />The most common types of order are orders for financial support and “section 8” orders.<br />There are different types of section 8 orders:<br />• “residence orders” which say who the children should live with.<br />• “contact orders” which say who the children are allowed to see, or receive letters or telephone calls from.<br />• “prohibited steps orders” which prevent a child’s parents, or any other named person, from taking certain steps, such as taking a child abroad without first getting the court’s permission.<br />• “specific issues orders” which set out precisely how a particular matter about the children should be handled such as their schooling.<br />The court can also make orders such as “care orders” or “emergency protection orders” where the children are being abused or at risk of harm.<br />Where can you apply for financial support?<br />If you are asking for maintenance for a child, in most cases you should apply to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Support_Agency">CSA</a>. If you are asking for a capital lump sum or a property adjustment order for a child, you should make an application to the court, whether or not you are also applying to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Support_Agency">CSA</a> for a maintenance calculation.<br />There are some situations in which the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Support_Agency">CSA</a> does not have power to make a child maintenance calculation, including where the Respondent is the step-parent of the child. In these situations, you may be able to make an application to the court.<br />A leaflet about the Child Support Agency is available from any court office. The leaflet will tell you how to make an application. </div>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-47396041683290321312009-10-24T07:18:00.000-07:002009-10-24T07:20:55.568-07:0098. Divorce in United Kingdom - Basic rules (1)<span style="font-weight: bold;">How can you get a divorce?</span><br />By filling in a form called a “petition” and taking it to any divorce county court or to the Principal Registry in London.<br />This leaflet gives you a list of all divorce county courts.<br />The addresses and telephone numbers of all divorce county courts are listed in the telephone directory under Courts.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">When can you get a divorce?</span><br />You cannot start a petition for divorce unless you have been married for more than one year.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">You must explain why you want a divorce<br /></span> You must be able to prove to the court that you have reasons (or “grounds”) for saying the marriage is at an end. The expression the court will use is that the marriage has “irretrievably broken down”.<br />The court will accept one or more of the following “facts” as proof:<br />• that your husband or wife has committed adultery and that you find it intolerable to live with him or her;<br />• that your husband’s or wife’s behaviour has been so bad that you can no longer bear to live with them;<br />• that your husband or wife deserted you at least two years ago;<br />• that you and your husband or wife have lived apart for at least two years and he or she agrees to a divorce; or<br />• that you and your husband or wife have lived apart for at least five years.<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Do You have to live in U.K. to get a divorce there?<br /></span>You and your husband or wife, must both have your permanent homes (‘domicile’) in England or Wales when the petition is started; or<br />You and your husband or wife must both be living in England or Wales when the petition is started; or<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>You and your husband or wife must both have had your last home in England or Wales and one of you must still be living in either of these countries when the petition is started; or<br />Your husband or wife must be living in England or Wales when the petition is started; or<br />You must have been living in England or Wales for at least a year on the day the petition is started; or<br />You must have your permanent home in England or Wales and have been living in either of these countries for at least six months on the day the petition is started.<br />You may also get a divorce in England and Wales in other specific circumstances. You should contact a solicitor, law centre or Citizens Advice Bureau if you need help deciding which statement applies to you.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Will you need a solicitor?</span><br />Probably not. But you will find it useful to have some legal advice before starting your petition if:<br />• you do not know whether you have grounds for a divorce;<br />• your husband or wife is not likely to agree to a divorce;<br />• you have not agreed with your husband or wife who the children should live with;<br />you have not agreed about any financial support for the children or yourself, or about any property.<br />The court will give you the forms you need and tell you what to do next. The forms are free.<br />If you do need help filling in the forms a Citizens Advice Bureau will help.<br />Remember that court staff are not solicitors. They cannot give legal advice or answer questions like:<br />• Should you claim financial support?<br />• Do you have proper reasons for a divorce?<br />• What will happen to the house you own with your husband or wife?<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Will you have to attend a court hearing?</span><br />If you can agree with your husband or wife about financial support, property and the arrangements for any children, you may not have to attend a court hearing at all.<br />You may have to attend a court hearing if you ask the court to make an order for financial support or cannot agree about the arrangements for the children.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">How much will the divorce cost?</span><br />You may have to pay a court fee for the following:<br />• when you submit your application for divorce to the court, and<br />• when you apply to the court for a decree absolute which shows that you are divorced;<br />• if you submit any applications for financial support or regarding any children in the marriage.<br />Please ask the court staff for a copy of the leaflet EX50 - County Court Fees. This lists<br />the most common family fees. It is also available on our website www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">What if you can’t afford the fee?</span><br />You may not have to pay a court fee or you may only have to pay a contribution towards the court fee depending on your circumstances. For further information, or to apply for a fee concession, ask court staff for a copy of the combined booklet and form EX160A - Court fees - Do I have to pay them? This is available from any county court office, or a copy of the leaflet can be downloaded<br />from the internet at: www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">How can you pay the fee?</span><br />By cheque, cash or postal order. Make your cheque or postal order payable to Her Majesty’s Courts Service (HMCS). Please note that courts cannot accept payments by debit or credit cards and we would recomend that you don’t send cash through the post.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Will you need a copy of your marriage certificate?</span><br />Yes. You will have to give a copy to the court when you start your petition. It will be kept on the court file. The copy must not be a photocopy.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Where can you get a copy of your marriage certificate if you do not have one?</span><br />If you were married in England or Wales, you can get a copy from:<br />• the office of the Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages for the district in which you were married. You can get the address from the phone book. You will have to pay a fee, and they will tell you how much it is.<br />• You can also get a copy from:<br />The General Register Office<br />PO Box 2<br />Southport<br />Merseyside<br />PR8 2JD<br />Tel: 0845 603 7788<br />You cannot order in person at the General Register Office. You can apply for certificates<br />online at www.gro.gov.uk, or by phone 0845 603 7788, lines are open Monday to Friday 8am to 8pm and Saturday 9am to 4pm. Alternatively, you can apply by post to the above address.<br />There will be a charge for your copy certificate. The office will tell you how much it is.<br />The office you go to will want to know:<br />• the date and place of your marriage;<br />• your full name; and<br />• the full name of your husband or wife.<br /><br /><br />Source: The Court Service Website , U.K.Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-13606241615058360032009-10-15T02:59:00.000-07:002009-10-15T03:05:55.171-07:0097. Jurisdiction of Civil Court in labor matters - when not barred.<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; color: black; font-family: Arial;">Jurisdiction of a civil court in an industrial dispute is not barred in case the dispute relates</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; color: black; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; color: black; font-family: Arial;">to violation of fundamental rights of a workman or the violation of general law of contract is involved.</span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:100%;">Jurisdiction of civil court is rule, exclusion is exception. This verdict has been given by the </span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on"><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">Indian Apex Court</span></st1:address></st1:street></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:100%;"> in <span style=""> </span>Civil Appeal No. 328 0f 2005 Rajsthan SRTC v. Bal Mukund Bairwa, decided on 12/02/09.</span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"> </span></span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"> The Supreme Court held that </span><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">e</span>ven in a case where jurisdiction of a civil court</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">is sought to be barred under a statute, the civil court can exercise its </span></span></span><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">jurisdiction in respect of some matters particularly when the statutory authority</span></span></span><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; color: black;"><span style=""> </span>or Tribunal acts without jurisdiction.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The question as to whether in a case where violation is alleged</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">as regards compliance of principles of natural justice either on common</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">law principles or in terms of the statutory Regulations framed by the</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> Corporation, which is a fundamental right in terms of Article</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> 14 of the Constitution of India, a civil suit will be maintainable or not,</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">had not been taken into consideration in any of the decisions of Supreme court.</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br />A dispute arising in between an employer and employee may or</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">may not be an industrial dispute. The dispute may be in relation to or</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">arising out of a fundamental right of the employee, or his right under a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Parliamentary Act and the Regulations framed thereunder, and/or a right</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> arising under the provisions of the Industrial Disputes Act or the sister</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">laws and may relate to same or similar rights or different rights, or even</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">may be based on common law right or contractual right. The question in</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">regard to the jurisdiction of the civil court must, therefore, be addressed</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">having regard to the fact as to which rights or obligations are sought to be</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> enforced for the purpose of invoking or excluding the jurisdiction of a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">civil court.</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br />If an employee intends to enforce his constitutional rights or a right</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">under a statutory Regulation, the civil court will have the necessary</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">jurisdiction to try a suit. <b style="">If, however, he claims his right and corresponding obligations only in terms of the provisions of the Industrial Disputes Act or the sister laws so called, the civil court will have none.</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> The Supreme Court held that<span style=""> </span>“it would not be</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> correct to contend that only because the employee concerned is also a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">workman within the meaning of the provisions of the 1947 Act or the</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">conditions of his service are otherwise governed by the Standing Order</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">certified under the 1946 Act ipso facto the </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on"><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">Civil Court</span></st1:address></st1:street><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"> will have no</span><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">jurisdiction. This aspect of the matter has recently been considered by</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">this Court in Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation & ors. vs.</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Mohar Singh [(2008) 5 SCC 542]. The question as to whether the civil</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">court's jurisdiction is barred or not must be determined having regard to</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> the fact of each case.”</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">If the infringement of Standing Order or other provisions of the</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Industrial Disputes Act are alleged, the civil court's jurisdiction may be</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">held to be barred but if the suit is based on the violation of principles of</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">common law or constitutional provisions or on other grounds, the civil</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">court's jurisdiction may not be held to be barred. If no right is claimed</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> under a special statute in terms whereof the jurisdiction of the civil court</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> is barred, the civil court will have jurisdiction.</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br />Thus in the court’s view, "<span style="background: rgb(191, 191, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;">In the event it is found that the action on the part of State is violative of the constitutional</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="background: rgb(191, 191, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; color: black;"> provisions or the mandatory requirements of a statute or statutory rules,</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="background: rgb(191, 191, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; color: black;"> the civil court would have the jurisdiction to direct reinstatement with full</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="background: rgb(191, 191, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; color: black;"> back wages."</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></span></b></span><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">In a case where no enquiry has been conducted, there would be</span></span></b></span><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> violation of the statutory Regulation as also the right of equality as</span></span></b></span><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> contained in Article 14 of the Constitution of </span></span></b></span><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on"><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">India</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);">. In such situation, a</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> civil suit will be maintainable for the purpose of declaration that the</span></span></b></span><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> termination of service and the consequences flowing</span></span></b></span><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> there from was illegal .</span></span></b></span><b style=""><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> Thus this verdict of the Supreme Court of India removes all doubts regarding jurisdiction of</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> Civil court with regard to disputes relating to employment and it has far reaching<span style=""> </span>effect as principles laid down in this decision</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> will not be limited to labor Laws only, but will be applicable to all branches of employment Laws. Now Lawyers and litigants should not hesitate in filing a civil suit where the grievances are covered by the above judgement.</span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="background-color: rgb(51, 51, 0);"></span></span>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-56730795213981831172009-10-15T02:58:00.000-07:002009-10-15T12:24:49.872-07:0096. Insurer is not liable if DL expired<span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:small;">Recently the supreme court has held that only in the event an application for renewal of licence is filed within a period 30 days from the date of expiry thereof, the same would be renewed automatically which means that even if an accident had taken place within the aforementioned period, the driver may be held to be possessing a valid licence. The proviso appended to Sub-section (1) of Section 15, however, clearly states that the driving licence shall be renewed with effect from the date of its renewal in the event the application for renewal of a licence is made more than 30 days after the date of its expiry. It is, therefore, evident that as, on renewal of the licence on such terms, the driver of the vehicle cannot be said to be holding a valid licence, the insurer would not be liable to indemnify the insured." - Ram Babu Tiwari v. United India Insurance Co. Ltd. & Ors. (2008) 8 SCC 165.</span></span></span>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-69783060571422020552009-10-15T02:57:00.000-07:002009-10-15T02:58:04.908-07:0095. Writ of mandamus - some guide lines<p>A writ of mandamus is issued against a person who has legal duty to perform but fails in doing so. it is issued in favour of a person who establishes a legal right to be enforced. some of the key points to be kept in mind while seeking a mandamus are:</p> <ul><li>the person against whom mandamus is sought must be under statutory obligation to perfom that duty</li><li> the petitioner must have legal right to be enforced</li><li>in cases of inaction or slow action mandamus can be issued</li><li> normally a mandamuss can not be issued against a private individual</li><li>administrative instructions/Departmental orders can not be enforced by writ of mandamus</li><li>mandamus can not be issued to Government to enforce cabinet decision</li><li>mere recomendation of an authority can not be enforced by madamus</li><li>mandamus can be issued to comply with the orders of superior tribunal</li><li> mandamus can not be issued in contradiction with statutory provisions</li><li> mandamus can not be issued to legislature or government to make laws or rules</li><li> mandamus can be issued to take decision on an application/representation if it is pending since long</li><li> mandamus can not be issued to enforce contractual obligations</li></ul>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-49977454042361289782009-10-15T02:53:00.000-07:002009-10-15T02:56:20.011-07:0094. Dissolution of unregistered firm<p style="text-align: justify;">0n 20/02/2009 the apex court has held that a suit for dissolution of can be filed by a partener of unregistered firm. the supreme court declared maharastra amendment made in 1984 in partenership Act is unconstitutional. Sub-section 2A which was introduced by the Maharashtra</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Amendment 1984 states as follows :</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /> "(2A) No suit to enforce any right for the dissolution of a firm or for accounts of a dissolved firm or any right or power to realize the property of a dissolved firm shall be instituted in any court by or on behalf of any person suing as a partner in a firm against the firm or any person alleged to be or have been a partner in the firm, unless the firm is registered and the person suing is or has been shown in the Register of Firms as a partner in the firm Provided that the requirement of registration of firm under this sub-section shall not apply to the suits or proceedings instituted by the heirs or legal representatives of the deceased partner of a firm for accounts of a dissolved firm or to realize the property of a dissolved firm."</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The supreme court held that "a partnership firm, whether registered or unregistered, is not a distinct legal entity, and hence the property of the firm really belongs to the partners of the firm. Sub-section 2A virtually deprives a partner in an unregistered firm from recovery of his share in the property of the firm or from seeking dissolution of the firm."</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The court said that :</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">"The effect of the Amendment is that a partnership firm is allowed to come into existence and function without registration but it cannot go out of existence (with certain exceptions). This can result into a situation where in case of disputes amongst the partners the relationship of partnership cannot be put an end to by approaching a court of law. A dishonest partner, if in control of the business, or if simply stronger, can successfully deprive the other partner of his dues from the partnership. It could result in extreme hardship and injustice. Might wouldbe right. An aggrieved partner is left without any remedy whatsoever. He can neither file a suit to compel the mischievous partner to cooperate for registration, as such a suit is not maintainable, nor can he resort to arbitration if any, because the arbitration proceedings would be hit by Section 69(1) of the Act (Jagdish Chandra Gupta vs. Kajaria Traders (India) Ltd. AIR 1964 SC 1882)."<br /> </p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The court said that:</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">"The primary object of registration of a firm is protection of third parties who were subjected to hardship and difficulties in the matter of proving as to who were the partners. Under the earlier law, a third party obtaining a decree was often put to expenses and delay in proving that a particular person was a partner of that firm. The registration of a firm provides protection to the third parties against false denials of partnership and the evasion of liability. Once a firm is registered under the Act the statements recorded in the Register regarding the constitution of the firm are conclusive proof of the fact contained therein as against the partner. A partner whose name appears on the Register cannot deny that he is a partner except under the circumstances provided. Even then registration of a partnership firm is not made compulsory under the Act. A partnership firm can come into existence and function without being registered. However, the Maharashtra Amendment effects such stringent disabilities on a firm as in our opinion are crippling in nature. It lays down that an unregistered firm cannot enforce its claims against third parties ...."</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">thus the court held that : the restrictions placed by sub-section 2A of Section 69 introduced by the Maharshtra Amendment Act, for the reasons given above, are arbitrary and of excessive nature and go beyond what is in the public interest. Hence the restrictions cannot be regarded as reasonable."</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">"Since sub-section 2A of Section 69 as introduced by the Maharashtra Legislature clearly violates Articles 14, 19(1)(g) and 300A of the Constitution, it is in our opinion ultra vires and is hence declared unconstitutional."</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Thus the Supreme Court's decision gives a great relief to business comunity trading through an unregistered firm.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Congratulations to business comunity.</p>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-214225356428247412009-10-15T02:49:00.000-07:002009-10-15T02:52:37.788-07:0093. Right to water<p><span style="font-size: small;">on 28th April 2009 a bench of the supreme court speaking through M Katzu,J. directed the central govt. to form a committee to solve the water crisis in the country. the court observed that :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">"Despite having immense reservoirs of water in the form of the </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><st1:place st="on"><span style="font-size: small;">Himalayas</span></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></span><o:p></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">in the North and the Arabian sea, Indian Ocean and the </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><st1:place st="on"><span style="font-size: small;">Bay of Bengal</span></st1:place><span style="font-size: small;"> in the West,</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">South and East of India, there are water shortages everywhere often leading to riots,</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">road blocks and other disturbances and disputes for getting water"...............................</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">"In our opinion it is science alone which can solve this problem ( as well as</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">the other gigantic problems facing the country)........................</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style=""> " </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on"><span style="font-size: small;">India</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-size: small;"> has a strong heritage of science. With the aid of science we had</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">built mighty civilizations thousands</span> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">years ago when most people in Europe (except in </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><st1:country-region st="on"><span style="font-size: small;">Greece</span></st1:country-region><span style="font-size: small;"> and </span><st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on"><span style="font-size: small;">Rome</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-size: small;">) were living in</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">forests. We had made outstanding scientific discoveries and inventions in the past</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">(see Will Durants' `The Story of Civilization : Our Oriental Heritage). However, we </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">subsequently took to the unscientific path of superstitions and empty rituals, which</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">has led us to disaster. The way out therefore for our nation is to once again turn to</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">the scientific path shown by our ancestors - the path of Aryabhatta and</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Brahmagupta, Sushrut and Charak, Ramanujan and Raman.".............</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style=""> " </span>It is indeed sad that a country like </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on"><span style="font-size: small;">India</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-size: small;"> which scientifically solved the</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">problem of town planning 6000 years ago in the Indus Valley Civilization and which</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">discovered the decimal system in Mathematics and Plastic Surgery in Medicine in</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">ancient times, and is largely managing Silicon Valley in </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on"><span style="font-size: small;">U.S.A.</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-size: small;"> today has been</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">unable to solve the problem of water shortage till now. In our opinion there is no</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">dearth of eminent scientists in the field who can solve this problem, but they have</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">not been organized and brought together and not been requested by the Central and</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">State Governments to do their patriotic and sacred duty to solve this problem, nor</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">given the facilities for this."</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> "</span>In our opinion the right to get water is a part of</span><o:p></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the right to life guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution"..</span></span></p>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-69581394129125868432009-10-15T02:47:00.000-07:002009-10-15T12:25:54.554-07:0092. Age in view of amendments in Juvenile Justice ActIn <a class="txtLink" href="http://www.indlaw.com/search/caselaw?db8ad810-2684-4925-9388-f5871f518faf" target="_blank">Hari Ram <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">vs</span> State of Rajasthan and Another</a> the <i>SUPREME COURT on 05 th May 2009 evaluated the </i>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, ss.2(k), 2(l), 7A, 15, 20, 49 and 64 (Provisions as stood amended vide amendment Act, 2006) - Juvenile Justice Rules, 2007, rr. 12 and 98 . the question was: could a person who was not a juvenile within the meaning of the 1986 Act when the offence was committed, but had not completed 18 years, be governed by the provisions of the JJ Act, 2000, and be declared as a juvenile in relation to the offence alleged to have been committed by him? The Supreme Court answered in positive on conjoint reading of ss. 2(k), 2(l), 7A, 20 and 49 r/w rr. 12 and 98 of Rules, 2007 .The court held that Scheme is rehabilitatory in nature and not adversarial. the court imphasised upon requirement of complete change of mind set for implementing the said law. It was held that two main questions on the subject on which controversy at hand depends, is at rest now; first question was settled in 'Pratap Singh vs. State of Jharkhand & Another [(2005) 3 SCC 551]' after which amendment was brought in 2006 in JJ Act 2000, second question was also settled therein but is now overruled vide such amendment; firstly, juvenility of a person in conflict with law has to be reckoned from the date of the incident and not from the date on which cognizance was taken by the Magistrate, secondly, provisions of JJ Act, 2000 were also made applicable to juveniles who had not completed eighteen years of age on the date of commission of offence. Thus all persons who were below the age of 18 years on the date of commission of the offence even prior to 1st April, 2001(commencement date of JJ Act, 2000), would be treated as juveniles, even if the claim of juvenility was raised after they had attained the age of 18 years on or before the date of commencement of the Act and were undergoing sentence upon being convicted. such position stands re-emphasised by virtue of amendments introduced in s. 20, by inserting proviso and explanation.Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3500900636232099680.post-9239484953743651892009-10-15T02:46:00.000-07:002009-10-15T02:47:52.350-07:0091. s. 138,N.I.Act - when drower says cheque was lost<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">Whether return of a cheque by the bank on the ground that it was</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">reported lost by the drawer would attract the penal provisions contained in</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (for short "the Act")?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">In Raj Kumar Khurana v. State ( NCT) of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Delhi</st1:place></st1:city> decided by apex court on 05/05/09 the appellant kept two blank cheques in his office along with some stamp</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">papers. They were said to have been stolen from his office. Information as</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">regards missing of the said cheques was given to the bank and he lodged a</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">First Information Report with regard thereto. <span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">The blank cheques were allegedly filled up on 24.06.2001. They were presented before the bank but the same were returned dishonoured with the remarks "said cheque reported lost by the drawer". </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style=""><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">After complaint being filed appellant filed an application under Section 482 of the Code in the High Court of Delhi praying for quashing of the proceedings under s. 138 0f N.I.Act<span style=""> </span>on the premise that the same was not maintainable. The High Court </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">dismissed the application u/s 482. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">On appeal the supreme court held that a bare perusal of s. 138 would clearly go to show that by reason thereof a legal fiction has been created. A legal fiction,</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">as is well known, although is required to be given full effect, has its own</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">limitations. It cannot be taken recourse to for any purpose other than the one</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">mentioned in the statute itself .A penal provision created by reason of a legal fiction must receive strict construction. Such a penal provision, enacted in terms of the legal fiction drawn would be attracted when a cheque is returned by the bank unpaid. Such non-payment may either be: (i) because of the amount of money standing to the credit of</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">that account is insufficient to honour the cheque, or (ii) it exceeds the</span><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">amount arranged to be paid from that account by an agreement made with</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">that bank.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style=""> The supreme court held that t</span>he parameters for invoking the provisions of Section 138 of the Act,</span></span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">thus, being limited, refusal on the part of the bank to honour the cheque would not bring the matter within the mischief of the</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">provisions of Section 138 of the Act.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span> </o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">In this case a contention was also raised that the appellant did not have</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">sufficient funds in his bank account. But<span style=""> </span>Such an allegation had not been made</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">in the complaint petition.The supreme court said that in any event, it was for the bank only to say so, as the complainant is not supposed to have knowledge in regard to the amount available in the account of the appellant.</span></p>Dr. V. N. Tripathihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04441249003072584019noreply@blogger.com1